Chapter 9
*Lecture Outline
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Chapter 9 Outline
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Articulations
Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial Joints
Selected Articulations in Depth
Disease and Aging of the Joints
Development of the Joints
Articulations Defined
• An articulation, or joint, is:
– the place where a bone meets
• another bone
• cartilage
• teeth
• Articulations vary in stability and mobility
Joint Mobility vs. Stability
• Mobility
– varies from immobile to wide range of motions
• Stability
– articular shape affects mobility and stability
• More mobile = less stable
– compare shoulder to skull
Relationship Between Joint
Mobility and Joint Stability
Figure 9.1
Naming Joints
• Joints are usually named for the
articulating bones
– i.e., sternoclavicular and radioulnar
joints
Classifying Joints
Anatomically (by structure)
• What exists between the bones?
– connective tissue vs. lubricant
Physiologically (by function)
• How mobile (or stable) are the
bones?
– stable vs. mobile
Structural Joint Classes
• Fibrous
– bones held together by
collagen fibers
• Cartilaginous
– bones held together by
cartilage
• Synovial
– bones separated by fluid
Functional Joint Classes
•
•
•
Synarthroses
– immobile joints (most stable)
Amphiarthroses
– slightly mobile joints
Diarthroses
– freely mobile joints
Relationship of Joint Structure
and Function Classes
Fibrous Joints
• Collagen-filled, no joint cavity
• Three specific types:
– Gomphoses: teeth to maxilla and
mandible
– Sutures: between skull bones
– Syndesmoses: between parallel
bones (radius and ulna, tibia and
fibula)
• Most immobile or only slightly
mobile
Fibrous Joints
Figure 9.2
Cartilaginous Joints
• Bones attached by cartilage
• No joint cavity
• Two specific types:
– Synchondroses: bones joined by
hyaline cartilage (usually immobile)
– Symphyses: bones joined by pad
of fibrocartilage (slight mobility)
Cartilaginous Joints
Figure 9.3
Synovial Joints
• Anatomy
– Articular capsule
– Joint cavity
– Synovial fluid
– Articular cartilages
– Ligaments, nerves, and blood
vessels
• Physiology: freely mobile
(diarthroses)
Typical Synovial Joint
Figure 9.4
Articular Capsule
• Two layers
– outer fibrous layer made of dense
regular connective tissue strengthens
joint
– inner synovial membrane secretes
synovial fluid
• lubricates and nourishes articular
cartilages
• absorbs shock during
compression of the joint
Articular Cartilages
• Articular surfaces in synovial
joints are covered by hyaline
cartilage
–prevents bone-to-bone
contact during compression
of joint
Ligaments, Nerves, and
Blood Vessels
• Ligaments: connect bone to
bone
–strengthen and reinforce
capsule
• Nerves: signal (pain) when a joint
is over stretched
• Blood vessels: nourish tissues in
the joint
Synovial Joint
Synovial Accessories
• Synovial fluid-filled structures to
reduce friction
– Bursae: sacs outside most synovial
joints where ligaments, muscles,
tendons, and/or bones rub
– Tendon sheaths: elongated bursae
around tendons, particularly in confined
areas (wrist and ankle) where tendons
rub each other
Bursae and Tendon Sheaths
Figure 9.5
Synovial Joint Classes
• Classified anatomically by shape of
articulating surfaces
• Classified physiologically by
number of movements allowed
– Uniaxial: bone moves in only one
plane
– Biaxial: bone moves in two planes
– Multiaxial: bone moves in more than
two planes
Synovial Joint Shapes
• In order of increasing movement,
the six classes of synovial joint are:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Plane joints: Intercarpal
Hinge joints: Ulnar/Humerus
Pivot joints: Atlas/Axis
Condylar joints: Metacarpals
Saddle joints: Pollex
Ball-and-socket joints:
Pectoral/Pelvic Girdle
Synovial Joint Shapes
Figure 9.6
Synovial Joint Movements
• Four types of motions:
– Gliding: Plane Joints
– Angular:Flexion/Extension/Abd
uction/Adduction/Circundaction
– Rotational:Rotation/pronation/
Supination
– Special: Depression/Elevation/
retraction
Gliding Motion
•
•
Articular surfaces sliding back-and-forth
or side-to-side
Occurs mainly in plane joints
– i.e., between carpals
Angular Motions
•
An angle between bones changes
– Flexion vs. extension,
hyperextension
– Lateral flexion
– Abduction vs. adduction
– Circumduction
Flexion vs. Extension
Enlarge art as much as
possible
Figure 9.7
Flexion vs. Extension
Enlarge art as much
as possible
Figure 9.7
Lateral Flexion
Figure 9.7
Abduction vs. Adduction
Figure 9.8
Abduction vs. Adduction
Figure 9.8
Circumduction
Figure 9.9
Rotational Motions
•
A bone turns along its longitudinal axis
– alantoaxial joint turning back-andforth in the “no” gesture
– limbs turning to and from median
plane
• medial and lateral rotation
• pronation vs. supination
Rotation
Figure 9.10
Medial and Lateral Rotation
Enlarge art as much as possible
Figure 9.10
Pronation vs. Supination
Figure 9.10
Special Movements
•
Occur only at specific joints
– depression vs. elevation
– dorsiflexion vs. plantar flexion
– inversion vs. eversion
– protraction vs. retraction
– opposition
Depression vs. Elevation
Figure 9.11
Dorsiflexion vs. Plantar
Flexion
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Dorsiflexion
Plantar
flexion
Figure 9.11
(b)
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./ Photo by Jw Ramsey
Inversion vs. Eversion
Figure 9.11
Protraction vs. Retraction
Figure 9.11
Opposition
Figure 9.11
Selected Articulations
• Joints of the axial skeleton
– temporomandibular joint
– intervertebral articulations
– sternoclavicular joint
Axial Skeleton Joints
Axial Skeleton Joints
Temporomandibular Joint
(TMJ)
•
Diarthrotic hinge between mandibular
condyle and temporal bone with:
– articular disc
– ligaments
• sphenomandibular
• stylomandibular
• temporomandibular (lateral)
Temporomandibular Joint
(TMJ)
Figure 9.12
Intervertebral Articulations
•
Amphiarthroses between vertebral
bodies: intervertebral discs with
–
–
•
outer anulus fibrosus
inner nucleus pulposus
Diarthroses between superior and
inferior articular processes with
–
ligaments: anterior and posterior
longitudinal, interspinous,
supraspinous, ligamentum nuchae,
ligamentum flavum
Intervertebral Articulations
Figure 9.13
Joints of the Pectoral Girdle
and Upper Limbs
Joints of the Pectoral Girdle
and Upper Limbs
Sternoclavicular Joint
•
Diarthrotic saddle between manubrium of
sternum and sternal end of the clavicle
–
ligaments
• anterior and posterior
sternoclavicular
• costoclavicular
• interclavicular
Sternoclavicular Joint
Figure 9.14
Acromioclavicular Joint
• Diarthrosis between acromial
end of clavicle and acromion of
scapula
– ligaments:
• acromioclavicular
• coracoclavicular
Acromioclavicular Joint
Figure 9.15
Glenohumeral Joint
•
Diarthrotic ball-and-socket between head
of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
–
–
–
–
with: glenoid labrum
ligaments: coracoacromial,
coracohumeral, glenohumeral,
transverse humeral
muscles: rotator cuff (4)
bursae: subacromial, subcoracoid,
subdeltoid, and subscapular
Glenohumeral Joint
Figure 9.15
Glenohumeral Joint
Figure 9.15
Elbow Joint
•
Diarthrotic hinge between humerus, and
ulna and radius
– ligaments:
• radial (lateral) collateral
• ulnar (medial) collateral
• anular
Elbow Joint
Figure 9.16
Radiocarpal (Wrist) Joint
• Diarthrotic condylar joint between:
– distal articular surface of radius and
– three proximal carpal bones
• scaphoid
• lunate
• triquetrum
Radiocarpal (Wrist) Joint
Figure 9.17
Joints of the Pelvic Girdle
and Lower Limbs
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Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb Joints
Table 9.5
Joint
Articulation Components
Structural Classification
Sacroiliac
Auricular surfaces of sacrum
and ilia
Synovial (plane)
Hip (coxal)
Head of femur and acetabulum of
os coxae
Synovial (ball-and-socket)
Two pubic bones
Cartilaginous (symphysis)
Functional
Classifi cation
Description of
Movement
Diarthrosis
Slight gliding; more movement
during pregnancy and
childbirth
Diarthrosis
Abduction, adduction,
circumduction, extension,
flexion, medial and lateral
rotation of thigh
Amphiarthrosis
Very slight movements;
more movement during
childbirth
Diarthrosis
Extension, flexion, lateral rotation
of leg in flexed position, slight
medial rotation
Amphiarthrosis
Slight rotation of fi bula during
dorsiflexion of foot
Diarthrosis
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
Diarthrosis
Eversion and inversion
of foot
Diarthrosis
Slight gliding
Sacroiliac
Hip
Pubic symphysis
Pubic symphysis
Knee
Tibiofi bular
Patellofemoral (knee)
Patellofemoral joint: Patella and
patellar surface of femur
Tibiofemoral joint: Condyles of
femur and condyles of tibia
Both synovial (acts as hinge)
and synovial (plane) at
patellofemoral joint;
synovial (acts as hinge) at
tibiofemoral joint1
Superior joint: Head of fi bula and
lateral condyle of tibia
Inferior joint: Distal end of fi bula
and fi bular notch of tibia
Superior joint:
Synovial (plane)
Inferior joint: Fibrous
(syndesmosis)
Distal end of tibia and medial
malleolus with talus
Lateral malleolus of fi bula
and talus
Synovial (hinge)
Tibiofemoral (knee)
Talocrural
Tibiofibular (superior)
Intertarsal
Between the tarsal bones
Tarsometatarsal
Synovial (plane)
Three cuneiforms (tarsal bones),
cuboid, and bases of five
metatarsal bones
Tibiofibular (inferior)
Talocrural
Synovial (plane)
Metatarsophalangeal
(MP joints)
Intertarsal
Synovial (condylar)
Heads of metatarsals and bases
of proximal phalanges
Diarthrosis
Tarsometatarsal
Metatarsophalangeal (MP)
Interphalangeal (IP)
Interphalangeal (IP
joints)
Heads of proximal and middle
phalanges with bases of
middle and distal phalanges,
respectively
Abduction, adduction,
circumduction, extension,
and flexion of proximal
phalanges
Synovial (hinge)
Diarthrosis
Extension and flexion of
phalanges
Joints of the Pelvic Girdle
and Lower Limbs
Hip (Coxal) Joint
• Diarthrotic ball-and-socket between
head of femur and acetabulum of os
coxae with:
– articular capsule with retinacular
fibers
– ligaments:
•
•
•
•
iliofemoral
ischiofemoral
pubofemoral
ligament of head of femur
Hip (Coxal) Joint
Insert Figure 9.18a,b,c and d
Figure 9.18
Knee Joint
•
•
Diarthrotic hinge between femur, tibia, and
patella
Largest and most complex joint in body with:
– medial and lateral menisci
– ligaments:
•
•
•
•
patellar
fibular (lateral) collateral
tibial (medial) collateral
anterior and posterior cruciate (ACL and
PCL)
Knee Joint
Figure 9.19
Talocrural (Ankle) Joint
•
Diarthrotic hinge between distal ends of
tibia and fibula and talus of tarsals
– ligaments:
• deltoid
• lateral
• anterior and posterior
tibiofibular
Talocrural (Ankle) Joint
Figure 9.20
Talocrural (Ankle) Joint
Figure 9.20
Joints of the Foot
•
Diarthroses:
–
–
–
–
intertarsal: plane between tarsals
tarsometatarsal: plane between distal
tarsal bones and metatarsals
metatarsophalangeal (MP): condyle
between metatarsal and proximal
phalanges
interphalangeal (IP): hinge between
phalanges
Joints of the Foot
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Interphalangeal
(IP) joints
Metatarsophalangeal
(MP) joints
I
II
III
IV
V
Tarsometatarsal joints
Cuneiform bones
Intertarsal joints
Cuboid
bone
Navicular bone
Talus
Figure 9.21
Calcaneus
Right foot, superior view