Tuesday Lecture – Fruits and
Nuts of Warm Regions
Reading: Textbook, Chapter 4
OPTIONAL ASSIGNMENT
What are the tropics? - define and explain this term, especially as
it applies to the factors that affect the growth of plants, including
economically important ones.
Due today - return as hard copy or by e-mail
QUIZ
1. Name a fruit that is from a member of the rose family,
Rosaceae.
2. A hesperidium is a type of berry – how is it different from
other berries? Give an example of a hesperidium.
Orangerie
Kumquat – Fortunella japonica
and F. margarita
Cucurbitaceae – Squashes and
their Relatives
Many genera used for food; some also for various implements
Fruit = pepo --- a berry with a hard rind ( enhances storage)
Cucurbitaceae – Squashes and
their Relatives
Many genera used for food; some also for various implements
Fruit = pepo --- a berry with a hard rind ( enhances storage)
Plants = vines, with tendrils
Cucurbitaceae – Squashes and
their Relatives
Many genera used for food; some also for various implements
Fruit = pepo --- a berry with a hard rind ( enhances storage)
Plants = vines, with tendrils
Flowers – often unisexual, with 5 sepals, 5 united petals
Cucurbita Flowers
See Fig. 4.5, p. 83
Cucurbita Flowers
See Fig. 4.5, p. 83
Pistillate
(“female”)
Flower
(note enlarged
ovary at base)
Cucurbita Flowers
See Fig. 4.5, p. 83
Pistillate
(“female”)
Flower
Staminate
(“male”)
Flower
(note slender stalk)
Cucurbita Flowers
See Fig. 4.5, p. 83
Pistillate
(“female”)
Flower
Staminate
(“male”)
Flower
Cucurbita Flowers
See Fig. 4.5, p. 83
Pistillate
(“female”)
Flower
Staminate
(“male”)
Flower
Cultivated Cucurbita Species Squashes
See Table 4.3, p. 84
C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc.
Cultivated Cucurbita Species Squashes
See Table 4.3, p. 84
C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc.
C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin
Cultivated Cucurbita Species Squashes
See Table 4.3, p. 84
C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc.
C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin
C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin
Cultivated Cucurbita Species Squashes
See Table 4.3, p. 84
C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc.
C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin
C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin
C. argyrosperma – winter squash, hubbard squash etc.
Cultivated Cucurbita Species Squashes
See Table 4.3, p. 84
C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc.
C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin
C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin
C. argyrosperma – winter squash, hubbard squash etc.
First uses – probably for seeds; later used for fleshy part of
fruit
Cultivated Cucurbita Species Squashes
See Table 4.3, p. 84
C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc.
C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin
C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin
C. argyrosperma – winter squash, hubbard squash etc.
All New World Species
Cultivated Cucurbita Species Squashes
See Table 4.3, p. 84
C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc.
C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin
C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin
C. argyrosperma – winter squash, hubbard squash etc.
All New World Species
- separate domestications – eastern North America, Mexico,
of C. pepo
Other Cultivated Cucurbits
Old World:
- Watermelon – Citrullus lanatus
- Melons – Cucumis melo
- Cucumbers – Cucumis sativus
Luffa – Luffa cylindrica
Other Cultivated Cucurbits
Old World:
- Watermelon – Citrullus lanatus
- Melons – Cucumis melo
- Cucumbers – Cucumis sativus
Luffa – Luffa cylindrica
New World:
- Chayote – Sechium edule
Other Cultivated Cucurbits
Old World:
- Watermelon – Citrullus lanatus
- Melons – Cucumis melo
- Cucumbers – Cucumis sativus
Luffa – Luffa cylindrica
New World:
- Chayote – Sechium edule
Global:
- Bottle Gourd – Lagenaria siceraria
Bottle Gourds – evidence of preColumbian contact?
Archaeological Record: cultivated in Ecuador/Peru
(7,000 years ago) and Egypt (3000 years ago)
Resolution:
- people in reed boats? Fishermen?
- gourds floating in oceanic currents?
Bottle Gourds – evidence of preColumbian contact?
Erickson et al. PNAS 2005 102: 18315-18320
Resolution:
(1) Discovery of truly wild bottle gourd in Africa
Bottle Gourds – evidence of preColumbian contact?
Erickson et al. PNAS 2005 102: 18315-18320
Resolution:
(1) Discovery of truly wild bottle gourd in Africa
(2) Accurate identification of New World archeological samples
- fruit wall thickness, cellular structure, phytoliths
Bottle Gourds – evidence of preColumbian contact?
Erickson et al. PNAS 2005 102: 18315-18320
Resolution:
(1) Discovery of truly wild bottle gourd in Africa
(2) Accurate identification of New World archeological samples
- fruit wall thickness, cellular structure, phytoliths
(3) Accurate dating of material using direct AMS C14 technology
- Florida (8100 yrs); Peru (8400 yrs); Mexico (10,000 yrs BP)
Bottle Gourds – evidence of preColumbian contact?
Erickson et al. PNAS 2005 102: 18315-18320
Resolution:
(1) Discovery of truly wild bottle gourd in Africa
(2) Accurate identification of New World archeological samples
- fruit wall thickness, cellular structure, phytoliths
(3) Accurate dating of material using direct AMS C14 technology
- Florida (8100 yrs); Peru (8400 yrs); Mexico (10,000 yrs BP)
(4) DNA markers -> New World matches Asia, not Africa
Bottle Gourds – evidence of preColumbian contact?
Erickson et al. PNAS 2005 102: 18315-18320
Resolution:
(1) Discovery of truly wild bottle gourd in Africa
(2) Accurate identification of New World archeological samples
- fruit wall thickness, cellular structure, phytoliths
(3) Accurate dating of material using direct AMS C14 technology
- Florida (8100 yrs); Peru (8400 yrs); Mexico (10,000 yrs BP)
(4) DNA markers -> New World matches Asia, not Africa
Conclusion: dog + gourds moved with early people from Asia
Adventures in Etymology – Love
Apples
Tomato – New World crop
Adventures in Etymology – Love
Apples
Tomato – New World crop
- 1544 (Matthiolus herbal: pomo d’oro = golden apple)
Adventures in Etymology – Love
Apples
Tomato – New World crop
- 1544 (Matthiolus herbal: pomo d’oro = golden apple)
- possible transit: New World  Spain (ignored)  Morocco 
Italy (pomo dei moro = Moor’s apple)
Adventures in Etymology – Love
Apples
Tomato – New World crop
- 1544 (Matthiolus herbal: pomo d’oro = golden apple)
- possible transit: New World  Spain (ignored)  Morocco 
Italy (pomo dei moro = Moor’s apple)
- France, name transformed to pomme d’amour = love apple
Adventures in Etymology – Love
Apples
Tomato – New World crop
- 1544 (Matthiolus herbal: pomo d’oro = golden apple)
- possible transit: New World  Spain (ignored)  Morocco 
Italy (pomo dei moro = Moor’s apple)
- France, name transformed to pomme d’amour = love apple
Early confusion in Europe/North America:
- aphrodisiac (love apple)
- poisonous (association with related plants of Solanaceae)
Adventures in Etymology – Love
Apples
Tomato – New World crop
- 1544 (Matthiolus herbal: pomo d’oro = golden apple)
- possible transit: New World  Spain (ignored)  Morocco 
Italy (pomo dei moro = Moor’s apple)
- France, name transformed to pomme d’amour = love apple
Early confusion in Europe/North America:
- aphrodisiac (love apple)
- poisonous (association with related plants of Solanaceae)
Note: German name “wolf peach” (association with werewolves)
became basis for genus name Lycopersicon
Tomato
Wild ancestors of tomato – Peru and Galapagos Islands
Tomato
Wild ancestors of tomato – Peru and Galapagos Islands
Find Peru and the Galapagos Islands on the globe
Tomato
Wild ancestors of tomato – Peru and Galapagos Islands
Domestication – seems to have occurred in Mexico: Mayan
name, xtomatl or tomatl  Spanish tomate  tomato
Tomato
Wild ancestors of tomato – Peru and Galapagos Islands
Domestication – seems to have occurred in Mexico: Mayan
name, xtomatl or tomatl  Spanish tomate  tomato
Classification:
Traditional – distinct genus, Lycopersicon
Tomato
Wild ancestors of tomato – Peru and Galapagos Islands
Domestication – seems to have occurred in Mexico: Mayan
name, xtomatl or tomatl  Spanish tomate  tomato
Classification:
Traditional – distinct genus, Lycopersicon
New Molecular-based Findings – part of Solanum (actually sister
group to potatoes)
Tomato – Flower and Fruit
See Fig. 4.11, p. 90
Notes:
Stamens open by terminal pores  require shaking to release pollen
Tomato – Flower and Fruit
See Fig. 4.11, p. 90
Notes:
Stamens open by terminal pores  require shaking to release pollen
Plants are quite sensitive to chemicals produced by walnuts
(allelopathy)
Tomatoes – Modification under
Domestication
Cherry-tomato type – 2 carpels in ovary
Fruit type = ?
Tomatoes – Modification under
Domestication
Cherry-tomato type – 2 carpels in ovary
Fruit type = berry
Tomatoes – Modification under
Domestication
Cherry-tomato type – 2 carpels in ovary
Intruded placentae
Tomatoes – Modification under
Domestication
Cherry-tomato type – 2 carpels in ovary
Intruded placentae
Colorful tomatoes
Pineapples – The Multiple Fruit
Ananas comosus Bromeliaceae
See Fig. 4.16, p. 93
What is a Cereal?
What is a Cereal?
Ceres – Roman goddess of agriculture (in
Greek, Demeter).
Myth: mother of Persephone, who was
kidnapped by Hades; Ceres went on strike to
demand return of daughter; Persephone had
eaten a pomegranate seed  forced to divide
time – explanation for temperate seasons
What is a Cereal?
Ceres – Roman goddess of agriculture (in
Greek, Demeter).
Myth: mother of Persephone, who was
kidnapped by Hades; Ceres went on strike to
demand return of daughter; Persephone had
eaten a pomegranate seed  forced to divide
time – explanation for temperate seasons
Grain = seeds/seedlike fruits of plants, particularly grasses
See Fig. 5.1, p. 111
What is a Cereal?
Ceres – Roman goddess of agriculture (in
Greek, Demeter).
Myth: mother of Persephone, who was
kidnapped by Hades; Ceres went on strike to
demand return of daughter; Persephone had
eaten a pomegranate seed  forced to divide
time – explanation for temperate seasons
Grain = seeds/seedlike fruits of plants, particularly grasses
Cereal = edible grains produced by annual grasses
Cereal Grain – redundant?
See Fig. 5.1, p. 111
Poaceae (Gramineae) – Grass
Family
Agrostology – Study of Grasses
Poaceae (Gramineae) – Grass
Family
Agrostology – Study of Grasses
Gramineae – traditional name for family
Poaceae (Gramineae) – Grass
Family
Agrostology – Study of Grasses
Gramineae – traditional name for family
Ranks: 4th (number of species) 1st (Number of individuals)
1st – Economic Importance
Grass Plant –
Overall Structure
See Fig. 5.2, p. 112
Grass Infloresence Structure
See Fig. 5.2, p. 112
Grass Infloresence Structure
See Fig. 5.2, p. 112
Flower
See Fig. 5.4, p. 112
Grain – Fruit of the Grass Family
Changes in Cereal Grasses
through Domestication
1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching
See Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8,
pages 114-115
Changes in Cereal Grasses
through Domestication
1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching
2. Reduced lodging
See Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8,
pages 114-115
Changes in Cereal Grasses
through Domestication
1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching
2. Reduced lodging
3. Non-shattering
See Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8,
pages 114-115
Changes in Cereal Grasses
through Domestication
1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching
2. Reduced lodging
3. Non-shattering
4. Free-threshing
See Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8,
pages 114-115
Major Cereal Crops
SeeTable. 5.2, p. 110
Barley – Hordeum vulgare
Wheat – Triticum (T. aestivum, T. monococcum, T. durum)
Rye – Secale cereale
Oats – Avena sativa
Rice – Oryza sativa
Sorghum – Sorghum bicolor
Millets – Eleusine coracana, Pennisetum glaucum, etc.
Corn – Zea mays
Thursday Lecture – Cereal Grains
Reading: Textbook, Chapter 5