Marine and inland fisheries, prawn
culture & other water based activities,
aspects related to Blue Revolution
--- Vinod Kumar Bist, AGM, NABARD
What is Fisheries, Basic statistics, Blue
revolution?
• Commercial exploitation of fish and other
•
•
•
•
aquatic
organism for human use
The word fisheries apart from fish or fin fish also includes
crustaceans or shell fish like the shrimps, prawns, crabs,
edible mollusks, aquatic weeds, corals etc
World fish production ( 2007) -- 144 MMT, of which the
Indian share is roughly 7.0 MMT.
India is the 2nd largest producer of fish and fisheries in
the world along with Peru.
Largest producer of fish in the world is China, which
produces nearly 52 MMT of fish.
What is Fisheries, Basic statistics, Blue
revolution?
• Of the total production, 2.9 MMT is contributed
by Marine Capture, 1.0 MMT through inland
capture (total production through capture
fisheries is nearly 3.9 MMT) and the rest 3.1 MMT
through aqua culture. Thus the marine sector
contributes nearly 3.0 MMT and the inland sector
contributes 4.0 MMT of the total fish produced in
the country.
• Blue Revolution : The enhanced fish production
mainly due to
practices.
the improved
aqua
culture
Types of Fisheries
• Inland Fisheries : Fisheries activity carried out in
fresh water bodies like ponds, lakes, tanks,
rivers etc. Eg carps, singhi, mahaseer etc
• Brackish water
Fisheries : fisheries activity
carried out in estuaries and back waters eg
Prawn farming, milk fish, mullets etc
• Marine fisheries : fisheries activity carried out in
shore and off shore areas of the sea eg Shrimps,
tunas etc
Capture and Culture Fisheries
• Capture fisheries -- capturing of the aquatic organisms
•
with the help of gears and tackles like nets, long lines
and by other means. It can be practiced in both the
inland as well as the marine waters. Mostly, it is
practiced in large water bodies like the lakes, rivers,
reservoirs, estuaries and seas. In one capture operation
there may be a fish harvest of nearly 3 to 4 tons of fish.
Culture fisheries -- signifies rearing of fish from young
stage to marketable stage. Young stage is often termed
as spawn or fry or fingerling stage i.e. when the fish is
few days or months old. The fish is reared upto 06
months or one year or more as per the prevailing market
conditions.
Generally
done
under
controlled
environments like pond, tanks, small water bodies etc.
Culture Fisheries – Fish pond with
aerators
• Capture fisheries -- capturing of the aquatic organisms
•
with the help of gears and tackles like nets, long lines
and by other means. It can be practiced in both the
inland as well as the marine waters. Mostly, it is
practiced in large water bodies like the lakes, rivers,
reservoirs, estuaries and seas. In one capture operation
there may be a fish harvest of nearly 3 to 4 tons of fish.
Culture fisheries -- signifies rearing of fish from young
stage to marketable stage. Young stage is often termed
as spawn or fry or fingerling stage i.e. when the fish is
few days or months old. The fish is reared upto 06
months or one year or more as per the prevailing market
conditions.
Generally
done
under
controlled
environments like pond, tanks, small water bodies etc.
Pearl Culture operation in open sea
• Capture fisheries -- capturing of the aquatic organisms
•
with the help of gears and tackles like nets, long lines
and by other means. It can be practiced in both the
inland as well as the marine waters. Mostly, it is
practiced in large water bodies like the lakes, rivers,
reservoirs, estuaries and seas. In one capture operation
there may be a fish harvest of nearly 3 to 4 tons of fish.
Culture fisheries -- signifies rearing of fish from young
stage to marketable stage. Young stage is often termed
as spawn or fry or fingerling stage i.e. when the fish is
few days or months old. The fish is reared upto 06
months or one year or more as per the prevailing market
conditions.
Generally
done
under
controlled
environments like pond, tanks, small water bodies etc.
Fisheries Resources Available
• Marine fisheries resources -– Continental Shelf area (upto 200 m) : - 0.53
million sq.km.
– Exclusive economic zone : 2.02
million
sq.km.
– Length of coastline : 8,118 km
– Estimated employment (2003) : Nearly 2.0
crores
– India’s estimated marine resources potential
is 3.93 million tons and production so far has
been 2.9 m tons
Capture fishing operation in the sea through a dip net
• Capture fisheries -- capturing of the aquatic organisms
•
with the help of gears and tackles like nets, long lines
and by other means. It can be practiced in both the
inland as well as the marine waters. Mostly, it is
practiced in large water bodies like the lakes, rivers,
reservoirs, estuaries and seas. In one capture operation
there may be a fish harvest of nearly 3 to 4 tons of fish.
Culture fisheries -- signifies rearing of fish from young
stage to marketable stage. Young stage is often termed
as spawn or fry or fingerling stage i.e. when the fish is
few days or months old. The fish is reared upto 06
months or one year or more as per the prevailing market
conditions.
Generally
done
under
controlled
environments like pond, tanks, small water bodies etc.
Fisheries Resources Available
• Marine fisheries resources contd. –
– Traditional crafts : 2,08,000
– Traditional motorized crafts : 55,000
– Mechanized boats : 1250
– Deep-sea fishing vessels : About 100.
– Fishing villages : 3827
– Traditional fish landing centers : 1914
Marine fisheries – A fish haul
Fisheries Resources Available
• Inland fisheries resources –
Rivers and canal length : 1,95,210 kms
Minor/ major reservoirs : 2.90 million hectares
Ponds and lakes : 2.40 million hectares
Flood plain lakes /derelict water bodies : 0.80
million hectares
No of FFDAs functioning : 429
Area brought under fish farming : 0.70 million
ha
No of farmers covered : 1.20 million
Fisheries Resources Available
• Brackish water fisheries resources –
Estimated potential area available : 1.4 million
hectares
Area under cultivation : 14 %
Average production of shrimps : 300 to 1000
kgs per hectare per season
No of shrimp hatcheries : 200 are in operation
with an output of 7 billion shrimp larvae.
Shrimp feed mills : 33 feed mills with an
installed capacity of 150 000 tpa.
Prawn harvested from a brackish water fish pond
Composite Fish Culture -- An Example of
freshwater aqua culture
• Can be adopted in village ponds as well as newly
constructed ponds and tanks
• Under the technology more than one type of
compatible fishes are cultured simultaneously.
• It is the most advanced and popular fish culture
technique in the country. It enables to get
maximum fish production from a pond or a tank
through utilization of available fish food
organisms
in
all
the
natural
niches,
supplemented by artificial feeding etc.
Composite Fish Culture -- An Example of
freshwater aqua culture
• Fish species involved are :
• Indian Major Carp
– Catla
– Rohu
– Mrigal
Zoo plankton feeder Surface feeder
Omnivorous
Column feeder
Detritivorous
Bottom feeder
• Exotic carps
– Silver carp
– Grass carp
Phytoplankton
Herbivorous
– Comm carp
Detritivorous
/Omnivorous
Surface feeder
Surface, column
and marginal areas
Bottom feeder
Composite Fish Culture – Important carp
species used in freshwater aqua culture
Composite Fish Culture -- Technical
Parameters
• Selection of Pond
• Pond Management
-- Pre stocking
operations -- like clearing the pond of
unwanted weeds and fishes, liming and
filling of the pond with water, pond
Fertilization with cow dung and NPK
fertilizers. Stocking operation will involve
seed stocking in desired scientific ratio.
Composite Fish Culture -- Technical
Parameters
• Species composition ratio
Species
Catla
Rohu
Mrigal
Silver Carp
Grass Carp
Common Carp
6-species combination
15%
20%
15%
15%
15%
20%
Composite Fish Culture -- Technical
Parameters
• Post Stocking operations would include
activities
like feeding on daily basis,
manuring on monthly basis and harvesting
operations at the end.
• Feeding – Nearly 1500 to 2700 kgs/ha
• Manuring – Cow dung @ 1,000 kgs/month
Ammonium phosphate @ 100 kgs per
month and 50 kgs of single super
phosphate per month
Composite Fish Culture -- Technical
Parameters
• Harvesting : Generally done at the end of
1st year, when the fishes attain average
weight of 750 gms to 1200 gms. A
production of 3 to 5 tons/ha can be
obtained in a year. Harvesting is done by
partial dewatering and repeated netting.
In some cases complete dewatering of
ponds is resorted to.
A fish harvest
Fish harvesting in progress in a fish pond
• Capture fisheries -- capturing of the aquatic organisms
•
with the help of gears and tackles like nets, long lines
and by other means. It can be practiced in both the
inland as well as the marine waters. Mostly, it is
practiced in large water bodies like the lakes, rivers,
reservoirs, estuaries and seas. In one capture operation
there may be a fish harvest of nearly 3 to 4 tons of fish.
Culture fisheries -- signifies rearing of fish from young
stage to marketable stage. Young stage is often termed
as spawn or fry or fingerling stage i.e. when the fish is
few days or months old. The fish is reared upto 06
months or one year or more as per the prevailing market
conditions.
Generally
done
under
controlled
environments like pond, tanks, small water bodies etc.
Prawn Culture Technique
• Prawns are crustaceans that are relished for their
taste, flavour and nutritional properties all over the
world
• Considering the high export potential, the giant
fresh water prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, or
the scampi, enjoys immense potential for culture in
India.
• Technical Parameters :- The giant freshwater
prawn is suitable in tropical and subtropical
climates. It is a hardy species by virtue of its ability
to adapt to various types of fresh and brackishwater conditions. It accepts pelleted feed and has
omnivorous feeding habit.
Prawn Culture Technique contd.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Site selection
Soil quality
Water quality
Pond construction
Water supply and drainage
Farm Management
-- Liming
-- Application of fertilizers
-- Pelletized feed
-- Stocking density – Normally from 4,000 to 50,000
nos. of PL per ha depending on the type and
intensity of the management practices.
Prawn Culture Technique contd.
• Monoculture or poly culture with carps. In case of poly
•
•
•
culture more pond depth is preferred at 4-5 feet. In case
of poly culture the stocking density of prawn may vary
from 2500-20000 post larvae. The carp fingerlings may
be of the order of 5000 - 2500 Nos.
In order to get desired production, feeding, aeration,
water exchange, periodic monitoring should be
continued.
The quality and type of feed is based on culture system.
Generally the feeding rate may be 5% of the body
weight.
The duration of culture varies from 6 to 12 months
depending on the type of culture practice. Generally in
monoculture the culture period may be 6-8 months and
8-12 months under poly culture.
Prawn Culture Technique contd.
• The average growth of prawn may range from 50 gms to
200 gms depending on the duration, density, water
quality, feeding etc.
• The survival rate may range 50% to 70% depending on
the type of management practices.
• Marketing -- Good demand for fresh water prawn in both
local and international markets.
• Financial viability
 Farm size 1 ha.
 Culture period
6-8 months
 Stocking density
30,000 /ha
 Survival
60%
 Feed conversion ratio 2.5:1
 Expected production
1,260 kg/ha/crop
Prawn harvest from a brackish water fish pond
Some important fishery products and
by products
•
Raw fish
Dried fish
•
Fish soups
Surumi
•
Isinglass
Fish meal
•
Fish manure
Pearl production
•
Fin rays
Fish sausages
•
Fish pickles
canned fish
•
Battered and breaded products
Some important fishery products and
by products - Pearls
Some important fishery products and
by products – Dried fish
Some important fishery products and
by products – Fried fish products
Some facts and issues pertaining to
the Indian Fisheries
• Indian fisheries doing fairly well and growing at
•
•
a faster rate in comparison to agriculture or
many other allied activities. India is the 2nd
largest producer of fish in the world.
Production through aqua culture is higher in
comparison to the capture fisheries.
There is a need to adopt systems like the
integrated fish farming and intensive fish
farming. This would be possible by adopting
semi intensive fish farming.
Some facts and issues pertaining to
the Indian Fisheries – contd.
• In the marine sector there is a need to explore
and exploit off shore fisheries resources.
• Only 25% of the brackish water sector has so far
been utilized. Better utilization of the brackish
water will not lead to higher production but will
also yield more foreign exchange.
• There is need to increase the present per capita
production /yr. from 05 kgs to at least 11 kgs /yr.
Some facts and issues pertaining to
the Indian Fisheries – contd.
• The extension services are still not upto
the mark. More efforts are required in this
direction especially from the government
departments.
• Need for more quality fish and prawn seed
production and efficient distribution
system.
A view of Intensive fish farming
Thank You