模組26
Module 26
環境豐富化
Environmental enrichment
本模組可讓你
This module will enable you to
• 瞭解何謂環境富化（EE） Understand what
environmental enrichment (EE) is
• 學得有效的EE準則 Learn the principles of effective EE
• 瞭解EE的主要類型 Learn about the main types of EE
• 瞭解不同類型的EE實例 Learn some examples of EE for
different species
• 瞭解藉由EE的形式來訓練動物 Understand how training
animals can be a form of EE
何謂EE？ What is EE?
• 改變豢養動物的環境才能夠增加物
種特有的行為，來改善動物的福祉
。 Alteration of environment of
captive animals in order to increase
their opportunities to show
species-typical behaviour, and so
to improve their welfare
進行EE的理由
Rationale for EE
• 你如何提高EE的條件？
How do you provide EE?
– 自然方法
Nauralistic approach
– 行為方法
Behavioural approach
進行EE的理由
Rationale for EE
• 為何要提供EE？ Why provide EE?
– 提供環境控制 Provides environmental control
• 證明EE可增進福祉 Evidence that EE improves
welfare
– 行為證據 Behavioural evidence
– 神經學證據 Neurological evidence
– 生理證據 Physiological evidence
進行EE的理由
Rationale for EE
• 其他要提高EE條件的理由 Other reasons for
providing EE
– 法規因素 Legal reasons
– 可促成繁殖的成功 Can improve breeding success
– 可讓照顧者樂在其中 Care-givers enjoy it
對EE 爭議
Arguments against EE
• 費用太高 Too expensive
• 是奢侈而非基本的需求 A luxury not a basic need
• 增加實驗動物的多樣性 Increases variability of
laboratory animal data
對EE 爭議
Arguments against EE
• 其他的工作 Extra work
有效的EE準則
Principles of effective EE
• 儘可能提供可利用的空間 As much utilisable
space as possible
• 空間 的品質：環境控制 Quality of space:
environmental control
– 含有能夠促成物種特有行為的特性
Contains features that enable speciestypical behaviours
• 安全 Safe
• 動物願意使用 Animal uses it
– 偏好？ Preferences?
EE的主要類型
Main types of EE
• 生理 Physical
– 收容設計 Housing design
• 空間佔用 Occupational
– 運動 Exercise
– 「玩具」、傢具 “Toys”, furniture
• 營養 Nutritional
• 群居 Social
• 感受 Sensory
收容設計 Housing design
• 取決於動物所賴以為生的基本材料
Depends on the substrate that the
animal lives in
• 自地板開始作業 Start with the floor
and work up
收容設計
Housing design
• 地板和天花板間的的空間應可刺激動物運動，並協助
維持動物的身體素質。 The space between the floor
and the ceiling should stimulate exercise and help
maintain fitness
– 室外的奔跑 Outdoor run
– 散佈各地的資源 Resources scattered throughout
• 環境 - 噪音、光 Environment—noise, light
玩具和傢具
Toys & furniture
• 玩具 Toys
– 不放置會引發特定行為的隨
機物件 Not random objects
must elicit specific
behaviours
– 運動 Exercise
– 降低對新奇事物的恐懼
Reduce fear of novelty
– 多樣性的重要性
Importance of variety
玩具和傢具
Toys & furniture
• 傢具 Furniture
– 需跟物種有關 Must be relevant to the species
– 需幫助促進物種特有的行為 Must facilitate
species-typical behaviours
• 傢具需求的優先性： Prioritise the furniture needs:
1. 維持生命 Life-sustaining
2. 維持健康 Health-sustaining
3. 維持舒適感 Comfort-sustaining
具有營養的EE
Nutritional EE
• 如何提高食物的相關事項 Relates to how
food is provided
• 肉食動物（進食以消除飢餓感）
Carnivores (eat to remove hunger)
– 追擊者與埋伏者 Chasers vs.
ambushers
– 群居對獨居 Solitary vs. pack
• 其他的動物掠食者 Other animal-eaters
– 食蟲動物 Insectivores
– 食魚動物 Piscivores
具有營養的
EE Nutritional EE
• 草食動物 （吃草以排除飢餓感） Herbivores (eat to prevent hunger)
• 物種如何在野外進食/覓食？ How does species feed / forage in the
wild?
群居的EE
Social EE
• 反社會的物種 Asocial species
– 大部份具有領土意識 Most are territorial
– 最後不要群居收容 Best not to house in groups
• 群居物種 Social species
– 個別收容 Housed individually
– 群居收容 Group-housed
– 遠離同伴的機會 Opportunities to get away from
the others
EE和被豢養的野生動物
EE and captive wildlife
• 長期豢養 Long-term captivity
– 複製天然棲息地的正向特性 Reproduce salient
positive features of natural habitat
– 降低或消除天然棲息地危害動物福祉的特性 Reduce
or eliminate those features of a natural habitat that
would cause poor welfare
• 短期居留動物： Short-term residents:
– 複製天然棲息地的所有特性（法規所允許）
Reproduce all salient features of natural habitat
(permitted by law)
EE和蛋雞
EE and laying hens
EE和乳牛
EE and dairy cows
• 搔抓/摩擦 Scratching / rubbing
• 運動場 Exercise yard
• 餵食場 Feeding space
EE和豬隻
EE and pigs
• 翻土/探尋 Rooting/ exploring
• 群居接觸 Social contact
• 築巢繁殖 Nesting to farrow
EE和豬隻
EE and pigs
EE和鸚鵡類的鳥隻
EE and psittacine birds
EE和兔子
EE and rabbits
EE和倉鼠沙鼠 EE and hamsters &
gerbils
• 倉鼠 Hamsters
– 群居或獨居？ Social or solitary?
– 隧道 Tunnel
– 咀嚼欄杆 Chewing the bars
– 跑輪/跑球 Running wheel / Running ball
• 倉鼠 Gerbils
– 群居 Social
– 犬隻 Dig
EE和猫隻
EE and cats
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
「友善」對「不友善」 “Friendly” vs. “unfriendly”
撫摸侵略 Petting aggression
棲息區 Perching area
搔抓區 Scratching areas
垃圾盤 Litter tray
室內家貓 - 運動 Indoor cats—exercise
餵食 Feeding
EE和猫隻
EE and cats
•
猫隻的「隱藏棲息」飼養箱 “Hide, Perch & Go” box for kennelled cats
EE和猫隻
EE and cats
• 加拿大BCSPCA的「隱藏棲息」飼養箱
“Hide, Perch & Go” box, BCSPCA, Canada
EE和接受治療的猫隻
EE and hospitalised cats
• 獸醫院 Veterinary hospitals
– 讓猫隻遠離狗 Keep cats away from dogs
EE和家貓
EE and kennelled dogs
•
•
•
•
•
玩耍 Play
運動 Exercise
群居接觸 Social contact
玩具 Toys
訓練的重要性 Importance of
training
• 睡眠 Sleep
EE和犬隻
EE and dogs
• 跟人類的接觸：玩耍、運動和同伴 Human contact: play, exercise,
company
• 其他的犬隻：群居接觸、玩耍 Other dogs: social contact, play
EE和犬隻
EE and dogs
• 玩具 Toys
• 訓練 Training
EE和訓練
EE and training
• 操作制約 Operant conditioning
– 獎勵 Reward
– 處罰 Punishment
– 消極與積極 Negative vs. positive
EE和訓練
EE and training
• 獎勵和處罰 Reward and punishment
獎勵 Reward
處罰 Punishment
+ ve
新增快樂的事物如食物
Add something pleasant
e.g. give food
新增不快樂的事物如
攻擊動物 Add
something
unpleasant e.g. hit
the animal
- ve
移除不快樂的事物如停止
電擊 Remove
something unpleasant
e.g. stop giving an
electric shock
移除快樂的事物如停
止玩耍 Remove
something pleasant
e.g. stop playing
EE和訓練
EE and training
• 正面積極的處罰和負面消極的獎勵問題 Problems
with positive punishment and negative reward
– 正確的數量 Correct amount
– 時機和一致性 Timing and consistency
– 恐懼妨礙學習 Fear prevents learning
– 生理的傷害 Physical damage
– 禁止行為 Suppresses behaviour
– 飼主-動物間的關係 Owner-animal relationship
EE和訓練
EE and training
• 動物學習的其他方法 Other ways in which animals learn
– 古典制約 Classical conditioning
– 習慣 Habituation
– 觀察 Observation
摘要說明
Summary
• EE提供環境控制 EE gives environmental control
• EE的形式適用於各別的動物 The forms of EE must
be appropriate to the individual animal
• 訓練內容可以某種EE的形式 Training can be a form
of EE
延伸閱讀
Further Reading
• Clubb, R., and G. Mason. 2003. Captivity effects on wide-ranging
carnivores. Nature 425 (Oct. 2):473-474
• Environmental Enrichment Information Resources for Laboratory
Animals: 1965 – 1995. Animal Welfare Information Centre, US
Dept of Agriculture. Available from:
http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/enrich/intro.htm
• Lidfors L. Behavioural effects of environmental enrichment for
individually caged rabbits. Appl Appl Anim Behav Sci 1997;
52:157-169 Lindsay, Steven R. Handbook of Applied Dog Training
and Behavior, vol. 1: Adaptation and Learning. Iowa State Press,
Ames, Iowa, 2000
• Loveridge GG. Environmentally enriched dogs housing. Appl Anim
Behav Sci 1998; 59: 101-113
• McCobb EC, Patronek GJ, Marder A, Dinnage JD, Stone MS.
Assessment of stress levels among cats in four animal shelters. J
Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;226:548-55
延伸閱讀
Further Reading
• Reinhardt V, Reinhardt A (Eds). Comfortable Quarters for
Laboratory Animals. Animal Welfare Institute, Washington, 2002.
Available from: http://www.awionline.org/pubs/cq02/cqindex.html
• Sorensen DB, Krohn T, Hansen HN et al. 2005 An ethological
approach to housing requirements of golden hamsters, Mongolian
gerbils and fat sand rats in the labotatory-A review. Appl Animal
Behav Sci 94: 181-195
• Stolba A, Wood Gush DGM. The behaviour of pigs in a seminatural environment. Anim Prod 1989; 48: 419-425.
• Turner D, Bateson P (eds). The Domestic Cat .The biology of its
behaviour. Camb Uni Press 2000 (2nd Ed)
• Young RJ. Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals.
Oxford: Blackwell, 2003
• 關於動物園和實驗室動物的EE有許多的網址。相關內容可參考：
There are many websites for EE of zoo and laboratory animals