Ｋｅｎｊｉ Ｍｕｒａｋａｍｉ
Ｖｉｓｉｔｉｎｇ Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ，Ｔｏｋｙｏ Ｃｉ
ｔｙ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ
Lessons Learned from Fukushima Accident
 Accident beyond all expectation
Possible to happen could happen in worst way
 Critical initial response
Contain impact and minimize damage
 Public reaction and social order
Fear of radiation and lack of information
 Adequate accident response and management
Coordination, communication and quick response
Impact of Fukushima Accident
 Preparedness for major disaster response
Prepare for the unexpected and normal time practice
 Nuclear disaster caused by nature or mankind
Vulnerability of nuclear plant to external event
 Adequate risk assessment and damage control
Robust and flexible assessment of all risks and anticipated
damages
 Consideration of elements of 3S for major disaster
Prevention, response, control and management
３Ｓ（Security, Safety and Safeguards)
Factors
Safety
Security
Safeguards
 Factors
Safety
Security
Safeguards
Human error,
Non-state actors:
State,
 Threat
Human
error, natural
cause,
Natural cause,
terrorists,
Diverters
 Design error Design error
Non-state Criminals
actors: terrorists, criminals,
Threat
protestors State (political decision)
Timeliness
Real time/
Real time/
Month ~
 Timeliness Real
time/immediate
Real
immediate
immediate
time/immediate > Months
Role of State
Regulate safe
Regulate physical
Regulate
 Role of Stateoperation
Regulatesprotection
safe operation accounting
Regulates
and
physical protection
Regulates accounting
and
control
control
Role of IAEA
Issue safety
Issue security
Verify compliance
 Role of IAEAStandards
Issue
standards to Issue
and safety
recommendations
agreements
security Recommendations
Verify compliance to
monitor
and monitor
agreements compliance
compliance
Main Legal Framework of 3S
 Binding legal framework
- NPT, Safeguards Agreement, Additional Protocol
- Conventions of PP(2005),Nuclear safety, accident
early notification and assistance, safety of SF &
waste
- UNSC resolutions 1373, 1540 ; UNGC 52, 56
and others
 Non-binding legal framework
- Codes of conduct on safety/security of radioactive sources ,
research reactor
- INFCIRC/225/Rev5
and others
There is no common and comprehensive legal instrument
for all 3S
Concluding Remarks
 Adherence to Nuclear security, safety and safeguards is a
commitment by each State
- Each State should implement balanced approach of 3S
 High standard of nuclear security is essential for peaceful
use of nuclear energy
- Effective and broader application of security measure by each
State is necessary
 Need for common and universal rules for 3S
-Many legal instruments exist but none comprehensive to cover
3S
 Collective security arrangements and mutual cooperation
-Needed to promote transparency and benefits