Chapter 14
Crime and Justice in the New
Millennium
Learning Objectives
 Discuss the impact of criminal enterprise
crime
 Describe a ponzi scheme
 Be familiar with the mortgage fraud scandal
 Be familiar with the various forms of green
crime
 Discuss the various forms of cyber crime
Learning Objectives
 Know what is being done to thwart cyber
criminals
 Be familiar with the influence of
globalization on crime
 Understand the concept of transnational
crime
 Be familiar with some of the most important
transnational crime groups
 Tell how law enforcement is taking on
transnational criminal syndicates
Corporate Enterprise Crime
 A multi-billion dollar crime trend facing the
justice system

FBI pursuing more than 500 corporate fraud cases

Financial crimes involve accounting schemes
designed to deceive both investors and government
auditors

Crimes have involved scamming people out of life
savings
Corporate Enterprise Crime
 Types of Corporate Enterprise Crime:

Fraud on Wall Street

The Subprime Mortgage Scandal

Billion Dollar Management Fraud
Corporate Enterprise Crime
 Criminalizing Corporate Enterprise Crime:

Corporate crimes now considered as serious offenses
and perpetrators deserving of severe punishment

Penalties have been increasing and long prison
sentences are routine
Corporate Enterprise Crime
 Corporate Crime Law Enforcement:

The detection and enforcement of large scale
corporate crime is primarily in the hands of :

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

FBI

Environmental Protection Agency

U.S. Postal Service

Federal Trade Commission
Corporate Enterprise Crime
 Corporate Crime Law Enforcement:

State Level Enforcement

A number of states have created special task forces and
prosecution teams to crack down on fraudulent schemes
and bring perpetrators to justice
Green Crime
 Defined:

Green crimes are violations of existing criminal laws
designed to protect people, the environment or both
 They include crimes against workers such as
occupational health and safety crimes, as well as
laws designed to protect nature and the
environment
 Green crimes involve a wide range of actions and
outcomes that harm the environment and that
stem from decisions about what is produced,
where it is produced, and how it is produced
Green Crime
 Forms of Green Crime:

Illegal Logging

Illegal Fishing

Illegal Dumping

Illegal Polluting
Green Crime
 Enforcing Environmental Laws:


The United States and most sovereign nations have
passed laws making it a crime to pollute or damage
the environment:

Clean Water Act

Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act

Endangered Species Act

Oil Pollution Act
The major enforcement arm against environmental
crimes is the Environmental Protection Agency
Cyber Crime
 Theft and/or destruction of information,
resources, or funds utilizing computers,
computer networks and the internet
 Rapidly evolving
 Difficult to detect through traditional
enforcement channels

Its control demands that agents of the justice system
develop technical skills which match those of the
perpetrators
Cyber Crime
 Three Forms of Cybercrime:
①
Cyber theft
②
Cyber vandalism
③
Cyber war
Cyber Crime
 Cyber Theft: Cyber Crimes for Profit


The use of computer networks for criminal profits:

Illegal copyright infringement

Identity theft

Internet securities fraud
Cyber thieves conspire to use cyberspace to either
distribute illegal goods and services or to defraud
people for quick profits using some common method
Cyber Crime
 Types of Cyber Theft:

Computer Fraud

Pornography and Prostitution

Denial of Service Attack

Copyright Infringement

Internet Securities Fraud

Identity Theft

E-tailing Fraud

Illegal Drug Distribution
Cyber Crime
 Cyber Vandalism: Cyber Crime with Malicious
Intent

Motivation is for revenge and destruction, not
necessarily greed or profit

Forms of cyber vandalism:

Viruses and Worms:


One type of malicious software that disrupts existing
programs and networks
Trojan Horses:

Appears as a harmless program that can damage a
system’s operations
Cyber Crime
 Cyber Vandalism: Cyber Crime with Malicious
Intent

Forms of cyber vandalism:

Web Defacement:


A computer hacker intrudes on another person’s web by
inserting or substituting codes which exposes visitors to
the site to misleading information
Cyber Stalking:

Use of Internet, e-mail, or other electronic
communication devices to stalk another person
Cyber Crime
 Cyber Vandalism: Cyber Crime with Malicious
Intent

Forms of cyber vandalism:

Cyber Bullying:


Willful and repeated harm inflicted through the medium
of electronic text
Cyber War:

The premeditated, politically motivated attack against
information, computer systems, computer programs, and
data
Cyber Crime
 Controlling Cyber Crime:

Software piracy laws

Illegal copyright infringement laws

Identity theft laws

Internet pornography laws

Computer crimes laws
Cyber Crime
 Enforcing Cyber Laws:

Interagency Telemarketing and Internet Fraud
Working Group

U.S. Attorney’s offices

FBI, the Secret Service, the Postal Inspection Service,
the Federal Trade Commission, the Securities and
Exchange Commission,

Other law enforcement and regulatory agencies to
share information about trends and patterns in
Internet Fraud Schemes
Transnational Crime
 Globalization

The process of creating transnational markets, and
political and legal systems) has shifted the focus of
crime from a local to a world perspective
 Types of Transnational Crimes:

Distribution of pornography

Cyber crime

Human trafficking, migrant smuggling,

Drug smuggling, arms dealing

Trafficking resources and counterfeit goods
Transnational Crime
 Transnational Crime Groups:

Asian Gangs

Russian Transnational Crime Groups

Mexican Drug Cartels
Transnational Crime
 Controlling Transnational Crime:

The FBI belongs to several international working groups
aimed at combating transnational gangs in various parts of
the world.
 Anti Organized Crime Laws:

Congress has passed a number of laws which have made it
easier for agencies to bring transnational gangs to justice:

Travel Act

RICO