一、句 子的成份
1、主语
2、谓语
由动词构成，注意时态语态的一致
3、宾语
用在 vt/prep 的后面，是动作的承受者
4、表语
用在 link-v后面，表述主语的特征、状态 、身份等
He lives in London.
5、状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句句子 Shall we do it tomorrow?
主语补足语
6、补语
Tired and sleepy, I went to bed.
He was shot dead
He thought it important.
He pushed the door open.
She is a beautiful girl.
宾语补足语
7、定语
She is an experienced teacher.
二、句 子的种类
1、简单句
(只有一个谓语动词)
2、并列句
(有两个谓语动词以上，
用并列连词连接起来，
他们的地位是并列的)
She is laughing.
主 + 谓（vi）
She opened the door.
主 + 谓（vt） + 宾
She is a girl.
主 + 谓 (link-v) +表
She is a girl and he is a boy.
She is a girl and comes from Beijing.
She is clever but doesn’t work hard.
3、复合句
I didn’t go out because it rained a lot.
(有两个以上的谓语动词，
其中一个是主句的谓语
动词，其他都是从句的
谓语动词 )
I want to be a doctor when I grow up.
The Attributive Clause
定语从句
Which one is Harry Porter ?
The boy is Harry Porter.
Which one is Harry Porter ?
定语从句
The boy _______________________
who is wearing glasses is
Harry Porter .
(Attributive clause)
一、概念: 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子.
 (在句子中作定语)
Harry Porter is a smart boy.
形容词作定语
Harry Porter is a boy who has magic
power.
句子作定语,修饰boy, 叫做定语从句
Harry Porter is a boy who has magic power.
先行词 关系词
关系代词
which, who, whom,
whose, that, as
定语从句
关系副词
where, when，
why
The boy who is reading is Tom.
先行词
关系代词
Hospital is a place where a doctor works.
先行词
关系副词
I like some
friends.
Some friends
like sports.
I like frineds who/that like sports.
修饰先行词 friends
I have an apple.
The apple is red.
I have an apple that/which is red.
修饰先行词 an apple
关系词通常有下列三个作用：
A.引导定语从句；
B.代替先行词；
C.在定语从句中担当一个成分。
The man who is shaking hands with my
father is a policeman.
who, whom
① who指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语
时，可省略。
The man (who) I talked with is our teacher.
A person who steals things is called a thief.
②whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。
The man (whom) I nodded to is Mr. Li.
which
③ which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾
语。作宾语时，可省略。
These are the trees which were planted
last year.
This recorder （which） he is using is
made in China.
that
④that 指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾
语。作宾语时，可省略。
A plane is a machine that can fly.
He is the man (that) I told you about.
⑤whose指人或物, 在定语从句中作定语 。
不可省略。
This is the little girl whose parents were
killed in the great earthquake.
We live in a house whose windows face south.
2. 关系代词的用法注意点
(1) that和which都可以指物，但以下5种情况只能用that
不能用which。
①当先行词中有人又有物时。如：
Do you know the things and persons that they are
talking about?
②当先行词为不定代词all, one, few, little, no, some,
any, everything, nothing, nobody, none等时。如：
This is all that I want from the school.
③当先行词被only, just, very, right, last等修饰时。如：
This is the very book that I am looking for these
days.
④当先行词被最高级修饰时。如：
The TV tower is the highest building that has been
built in this city.
⑤当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：
The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
(2) that和who都可以指人，但下面两种情况，多用who。
①先行词为all, anyone, one, ones等时。如：
All who heard the news were excited.
②先行词为those, he和people时。如：
Those who want to go please sign your names here.
He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true
man.
(3) whose引导的定语从句注意点
①whose引导定语从句，其后应紧跟名词，构成名词短
语。
② whose与它所修饰的名词一起可以作介词的宾语。如：
The boss in whose department he worked had heard
the news.他工作所在部门的老板已经听说了这个消息。
③ whose引导的定语从句，其先行词既可以指人也可以
指物。
④whose的先行词指物时，可用of which代替，但语序
不同，即whose+名词 = the+名词+of which，或= of
which + the + 名词。如：
The novel whose title (= the title of which或of which
the title) is Red and Black is very interesting.
⑤whose的先行词指人时，可用of whom代替，
但语序不同，即whose+名词 = the+名词+of
whom，或= of whom + the + 名词。如：
The boy whose mother (= the mother of whom
或of whom the mother) is a doctor is my
friend.
(4) 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称
和数必须与先行词保持一致。如：
Those who are against the plan put up your hands.
Tom is one of the students who were praised by the
teacher yesterday.
Tom is the only one of the students who was praised
by the teacher yesterday.
巩固练习：1. 用定语从句合并句子
(1) The scientist is very famous in the world. We met
her yesterday.
The scientist who we met yesterday is very famous
whom
in the world.
that
﹨
(2) The dress is new. She is wearing it.
The dress which she is wearing is new.
that
﹨
(3) He is the kind person. I have ever worked with
him.
He is the kind person who I have ever worked with.
whom
that
﹨
(4) This is the best film. I have ever seen this film.
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
﹨
巩固练习： 用适当的关系词填空
who/that
1.The girl __________is
standing next to our teacher
is her daughter.
(who/whom/that)
2. The girl _________________our
teacher is talking with
is a famous singer.
whose mother is a teacher can speak
3. The girl________
English very well.
which/that
4. I can’t find the book ____________is
borrowed from
the library.
(that/which)
5. I can’t find the book ________________you lent to me.
that) I’m staying with
1.The family(which/
_____________
lives in town.
2.I know the student whose
______ article was published.
3.Betty, who
_____ has never been abroad, is studying
English very well. ?that
that is
4.My parents live in a house which/
____________
more than 100 years old.
?省略
5.The boy withwhom
_____ John spoke is my brother.
whom I know were
6.Luckily none of the people ______
killed in the earthquake.
介词+关系代词的情况 1
The man
whom you spoke to
was a scientist.
The city
which she lives in is far away.
介词+关系代词的情况 2
Are these two sentences right?
The man
who/whom you spoke to was a scienti
The city
that/which she lives in is far away.
介词+关系代词的情况 3
Are these two sentences right?
The man
The city
to
who/whom you spoke was a scienti
in
that/which she lives is far away.
介词+关系代词的情况 3
Are these two sentences right?
The man
The city
to
who/whom you spoke was a scienti
in
that/which she lives is far away.
介词+关系代词的情况 3
Are these two sentences right?
The man
The city
to
who/whom you spoke was a scienti
in
that/which she lives is far away.
介词+关系代词的情况 3
Are these two sentences right?
to
The man
The city
who/whom you spoke
in
that/which she lives
was a scienti
is far away.
介词+关系代词的情况 3
Are these two sentences right?
The man to who/whom
you spoke
×
The city in that/which
she lives
×
可见,who、that 不能用与介词之后
was a scienti
is far away.
介词+关系代词的情况 4
下面两句中的介词能提前吗?
Is this the watch that you are looking for?
The old man whom I am looking after is better .
在固定短语中介词不能提前
介词+whom/which如何判断介词
1. 根据从句中的动词搭配

for which you asked.
This is the book ___
注意：动词短语不能拆，即介词不提前
 我照顾的那个老人好多了。
 The old man after whom I am looking is better.
 The old man whom I am looking after is better.
如何判断介词
2. 根据从句中的形容词搭配

with
He told me some reference books ____
which I am not very familiar.
3. 根据先行词与介词搭配

This is our classroom, in the front of which
there is a teacher’s desk.
如何判断介词
4. 介词 + 关系代词 = 关系副词
in which
when the
 My grandpa was born in 1939 ________
World WarⅡ broke out.
in which
 Kun Ming is a beautiful place _______ flowers
are seen all the year round. where
Exercise
1.
The song, ________
in which we are interested will be
broadcast tonight.
2.
He is the hero ________
of whom we are proud.
3.
This is the college ________
in which we’ll visit a famous
actor.
4.
The earth on
________
which we live is a big round ball.
介词+关系代词的使用
on whichshe spent $10?
1.Do you like the book ________
2.Do you like the book ________
for whichshe paid $10?
3.Do you like the teacher __________
from whomshe
learned a lot?
about whom we are
4.Do you like the teacher ___________
talking has gone abroad?
5.He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows,
of which hadn’t been cleaned for at least
most ________
a year.
5. 先行词为the way，关系词的使用
先行词是the way，意为“方式，方法”时，引导定
语从句的关系词用that/ in which或省略。
（that/in which） she talked
I didn't like the way _______________
to me.
which）
The way （that/in
_________________he
teaches English is
interesting.
关系代词as
1. 先行词与such, the same连用或先行词本身就
是the same, such时，要用as。
Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.
Would you like to buy the same pen as I have?
2. 代替整个句子，在从句中作主语，而从句位
于句首时，要用as。
As is well known, the earth goes around the sun.
as的使用
/which
as we all know.
 The earth is round, ___
As is known to all, the earth is round.
 ___
It is known to all that the earth is round.
 ___
定语从句在句首时只
能用as，as 具有正如
之意，动词一般较固
定
as的使用
Being a volunteer is such a privilege ____
as we all
want to have.
Being a volunteer is such a privilege ____
that we all
want to have it.
五. 关系副词when, where和why的用法
关系副词
指代的先行词
充当从句的成分
when
表时间的名词/
名词词组
时间状语
where
表地点的名词/
名词词组
表原因的名词
地点状语
why
原因状语
1. when
用关系副词when时，先行词指时间，when在定语从句
中作时间状语，when可换成“介词+关系代词”。如：
I still remember the day when (= on which) I first
came to Nanjing.
My father was born in the year when (= in which)
World War Ⅱ broke out.
2. where
用关系副词where时，先行词指地点，where在定
语从句中作地点状语，where可换成“介词+关系
代词”。如：
This is the farm where (= on which) we
worked when we were young.
The school where (= in which) his
mother teaches is in the west of the city.
3. why
用关系副词why时，先行词指原因，why在定语
从句中作原因状语，why可换成“介词+关系代
词”。如：
There are several reasons why (= for which)
the boys should be punished.
Tom couldn’t give the teacher the reason
why (= for which) he was late for school.
4. 关系副词的用法注意点
当point, situation, case等词作先行词表示“情况，境
地，场合”等意思时，其后常由where引导定语从句，
where在句中作状语。如：
Can you think of a situation where this phrase can
be used?
巩固练习：用适当的关系词填空
when
1) October 1, 1949 was the day______
on ______)
which China was founded.
(__
where
2) Beijing is the place ______
in which
(____
______) I live.
why (___
for which
3) Is this the reason ____
_____) he
didn’t want to see me?
where in ______)
which
4) Is this the room ______(__
we were living last winter?
when
5) The days are gone _____
during which
(______
______) we used “foreign oil”.
where
6) Yesterday, we had a meeting ______
at ______)
which we discussed many problems.
(__
对比练习：用适当的关系词填空
where/in which
1. The room ___________________
he once
lived is still there.
(that/which)
The room ___________________
I have to
clean every day belongs to my mother.
when/on which
2. I will never forget the day_______________
I met you.
(that/which)
I will never forget the day ______________
we spent together.
why/for which I don’t
3. The reason ________________
know the thing is that I was not there
at that time.
(that/which) I don’t
The reason _____________
know is known to him.
1.I’ll never forget the days _____________
when/ in which we
worked together.
2.I’ll never forget the days __________
(that/which) we spent
together.
及物动词
3.I went to the place ______________
where /in which I worked
ten years ago.
4.I went to the place (which/
__________
that)I visited ten
及物动词
years ago.
5.This is the reason _____________
why /for which he was late.
that/ which he gave. 及物动词
6.This is the reason __________
常见结构拓展
1.名词+介词+关系代词
This is the teacher whose daughter is a
famous doctor.
the daughter of whom
=This is the teacher_________________
is a famous doctor.
Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase
（花瓶）, _______ was very reasonable（合
理的）.
A. which price
B. the price of which
C. its price
(What about C?)
D. the price of whose
2.数词+介词+关系代词(含基数词，序数词，分数和
百分数）
We have three foreign teachers,
two of whom
___________are
from Canada. (其中的两个）
The factory produces half a million pairs of
shoes every year, 80% _______ are sold
abroad.
A. of which
B. which of
C. of them
D. of that
(How about C?)
3. 代词+介词+关系代词（代词有all, both,
none, neither, either, some, any等）
The old woman has two sons, both
__________
of whom
are teachers.（两个都是）
Last week, two persons came to see the
house, ___________wanted to buy it.
A. both of they
B. neither of whom
C. both of them
D. all of whom
(Think about C.)
4. 形容词最高级+介词+关系代词
China has thousands of islands,
the
largest of which is Taiwan Island.（
_______________
其中最大的）
There are two buildings, ________ stands
nearly a hundred feet high.
A. the larger
B. the larger of them
C. the larger one that
D. the larger of which
5.介词+关系代词+名词
He spent four years in college,
_______________
during
which time he studied medicine.（
在那段时间内）
In the office, I never seem to have time
until after 5:30 p.m., _______ time many
people have gone home.
A. whose
B. that
C. on which
D. by which
Exercises:
1.The newly-built cafe , the walls of___are
painted light green,is really a peaceful
place for us,especially after hard work.
A. that
B. it
C. what
D. which
Tip:the walls of the newly-built cafe
Exercises:
2.The settlement is home to nearly 1,000
people, many of___left their village
homes for a better life in the city.
A. whom B. which C. them D. those
Tip:many of people
3.She brought with her three friends,none
of___I had ever met before.
A. them B. who
C. whom
Tip:none of her three friends
D. these
4. By nine o’clock, all the Olympic torch
bearers had reached the top of Mount
Qomolangma, ________appeared rare
rainbow soon.
A. of which
B. on which
C. from which
D. above which
Tip: The rainbow appeared above the top
of the mountain.
5. The man pulled out a gold watch, ______
were made of small diamonds.
A. the hands of whom
B. whom the hands of
C. which the hands of
D. the hands of which
Tip: the hands of the gold watch
六. 非限制性定语从句
1. 非限制性定语从句的定义
非限制性定语从句是对被修饰部分进行附加说
明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整或清楚。
它和主句之间的关系比较松散，因此常用逗号
隔开。不用that 引导
My watch, which is very old, stopped
again.
2.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
(1)限制性定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，
若省去，主句的意思就不明确。主从句之间
不用逗号隔开。而非限制性定语从句则不然。
试比较：
This is the best book that I have read.
This is a good book, which is easy to
understand.
(2)限制性定语从句的先行词总是一个名词或一个
代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个
词，也可以是部分或整个主句的意思。此时，一
般用关系代词as或which引导。
(3)限制性定语从句可以用关系代词that引导，而非
限制性定语从句则不能。
(4)在非限制性定语从句中，不能省略关系代
词，而在限制性定语从句中则可以。
(5)关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作介词的宾语
时，介词前可以有被介词短语所修饰的词。如：
He has two daughters, the elder of whom is
married.
(6)在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词还可以
作介词的宾语。
He is ill, in spite of which he keeps on
studying.
3. 关系代词as, which引导非限制定语从句时的区别
(1)as和which都可指主句的整个意思，而不是主
句中的某一个词。as引导的非限制性定语从句，
既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主
句中；而which引导的非限制性定语从句一般置于
主句之后。如：
The weather turned out to be very good,
which was more than we could expect.
As is known to all, the moon travels
round the earth.
(2) as多用于下列习惯用语中
as anybody can see
正如人人都能看到的那样
as is well known = as is known to all 众所周知
as we had expected
正如我们所预料的那样
as often happens
正如经常发生的那样
as has been said before
如上所述
as is mentioned above
正如上面提到的
4. “介词+关系代词”结构引导非限制性定语从句，
一般有以下几种结构：
(1)名词+介词+关系代词：
They live in a house, the door of which
faces south.
(2)代词+介词+关系代词：
There are four students in the classroom,
all of whom are working hard.
(3)数词+介词+关系代词：
Last Sunday I bought a book from the
bookstore, three of which were English novels.
(4)形容词比较级/最高级+介词+关系代词：
China has thousands of islands, the
largest of which is Taiwan.
巩固练习
C I worked with
1. ① I still remember the days _____
the farmers.
A I spent with
② I still remember the days _____
the farmers.
A. which B. on which
C. when
D. what
A it began to rain.
2. ① We were on the way _____
B you speak to your
② I don’t like the way _____
in which/ ○
parents.
A. when B. that C. how
D. which
B she
3. ① The teacher didn’t know the reason ____
was absent yesterday.
C
②The teacher couldn’t accept the reason ____
she explained yesterday.
A. how B. why
C. that
D. who
D you ever visited?
4. ① Is this school _____
A you ever studied?
② Is this the school _____
B you ever studied?
③ Is this the school in _____
A. where B. which C. that D. the one
5. ① This is ____
C he said at the meeting yesterday.
A he said at the meeting yesterday.
② This is all ___
A. that B. which C. what D. how
B is reported in the newspapers, they have
6. ① ____
beaten all the other teams.
A is reported in the newspaper that they
② ____
have beaten all the other teams.
D is reported in the newspaper is that they
③ ___
have beaten all the other teams.
A. It B. As C. Which D. What
7. ① It was such an easy question ____
B they could
answer.
② It was such an easy question ____
A they could
answer it.
A. that B. as
C. which
D. what
C windows hasn’t
8. ① That is the house, _____
been cleaned for months.
D the windows hasn’t
② That is the house, _____
been cleaned for months.
B windows hasn’t
③ That is the house, but _____
been cleaned for months.
A. it’s B. its C. whose
D. of which
9. ① John said he’d been working in the office
for hours, ____
C was true.
② John said he’d been working in the office for
B is not true.
hours, but _____
A. he B. it C. which D. who
10. ① A few people were caught in the big fire,
____
B died.
② A few people were caught in the big fire,
C dead.
____
A. two of who
B. two of whom
C. two of them
D. two of they
C the World War II ended.
11. ① It was 1945 ____
A the World War II ended.
② It was in 1945 ____
A. that B. which C. when D. at which
D calling herself
12. ① Do you know the girl ____
Miss Forgetful?
A calls herself Miss
② Do you know the girl ____
Forgetful?
A. who B. whom
C. she
D. /
13. ① Don’t talk about such things ____
C you are
not sure of.
A you are
② Don’t talk about such things, of ___
not sure.
A. which
B. what
C. as
D. those
14. ① He wrote the best composition, ____
B
surprised all of us.
A we all
② He wrote the best composition ____
read just now.
A. that B. which
C. it
D. in which
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Under the big tree are 34 students, many of
them come from Class Two. whom
My mother has a good book, which cover looks
whose
terrible.
This is the very pen that you gave it to me
before.
The weather turned out to be very good, that
was out of our expect.
which
I will do all what I can to help you.
that \
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
I’m going to work in the hospital where
which
needs me.
Cathy is the only one of us who have been to
has
America.
Is that factory which your father once
the one
worked in?
It is known to all, China is a beautiful
country. As
that
It was in this school where I had studied for
that
3 years.
---Where did you get to know her?
---It was on the farm _____ we worked.
A. that B. there C. which D. where
that I got to know her
We shouldn’t spend our money testing so many
people, most of _____ are healthy.
A. that B. which C. what D. whom