Some innovative approaches in
environmental analysis of oil
shale wastes and discharges
Reelika Mägi1,2, Ekaterina Panova1,3, Uuve Kirso1
1)
National Institute of Chemical Physics and
Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618
Tallinn (Estonia)
2) Tallinn University of Technology,
Department of Chemical Engineering,
Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn (Estonia)
3) University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry,
Jakobi 2, 51014 Tartu (Estonia)
Outlines
1. Traditional analysis of pollutants
2. SPME What is it? How it works?
3. Traditional methods vs. innovative
SPME
4. Application of SPME to leachate
analysis of oil shale processing waste
5. Conclusions
Emission sources of pollutants
Achten and Hofmann, Science of the Total Environment (2009) 2461-2473 doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.12.008
The analysis of organic contaminants in
air, water and soil has become more and
more important due to increasing
environmental concerns.
The development of simple, efficient and
inexpensive analytical methods are crucial
for environmental monitoring.
Solid phase microextraction (SPME)
What is it?
King et al., Environmental Geochemistry
and Health 25: 69–75, 2003.
SPME
How it works?
Desorption
Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) or other
analyte of interest
Sample (oil shale wastewater, soil,
sludge or other)
http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/analytical-chromatography/video/spme-video.html
Outlines
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
Traditional analysis of pollutants
SPME What is it? How it works?
Traditional
methods
vs. innovative
Traditional
methods
vs.
SPME
innovative SPME
Application
Application of
of SPME
SPME to
to leachate
leachate
analysis
shale
processing
waste
analysis oil
of oil
shale
processing
waste
Conclusions
Conclusions
Conventional methods vs. SPME (1)
Sampling
Extraction
Preconcentration
Chromatographic
introduction
technique
Time consuming
Laborious
SPME is a
combination of
multistep
traditional
techniques
Fast (can be done in minutes)
Simple
Conventional approach vs. SPME (2)
 High amount of solvents  Solvent free technology.
and other chemicals is
 The same fiber can be
needed.
used 50-100 times.
 Most of solvents are toxic.
 Fiber can be directly
 Solvents selection
transferred to GC
influences on
injector.
chromatogram.
Expensive
Low cost
Toxic
Non toxic
Conventional approach vs. SPME (3)
 Removes analytes of
interest from the
sample.
 Can deteriorate the
sample.
 Sample volume is big.
Risk to the environment
 Analyte removed by the fiber
proportional to the
concentration of the
compound in the sample.
 Minimized disturbance of
sample matrices.
 Sample volume is small.
Environmental-friendly
Application of SPME on field studies
 On-site analysis
 Screening purposes
On-site sampling
of river water using
the thin film
sampler
(Qin et al., Journal of chromatography A,
1216 (2009) 6979-6985)
Outlines
1.
1. Traditional
Traditional analysis
analysis of
of pollutants
pollutants
2.
2. SPME
SPME What
What is
is it?
it? How
How itit works?
works?
3.
3. Traditional
Traditional methods
methods vs.
vs. innovative
innovative
SPME
SPME
4.
4. Application
ApplicationofofSPME
SPMEtotoleachate
leachate
analysis
analysisof
ofoil
oilshale
shaleprocessing
processing
waste
waste
5.
5. Conclusions
Conclusions
Schematic sampling sites on spent
shale deposits
Adapted from “Eesti põhjavee
kasutamine ja kaitse”, 2004 L.Allikas
Optimization of PAHs analysis
method in oil shale waste leachate
Extraction time profile for the peak areas of PAHs
Extraction temperature profile for the peak area of PAHs
6.E+04
Peak
area
Peak
area
5.E+04
5.E+04
Napthalene
Acenaphthylene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Acenaphthene
4.E+04
4.E+04
3.E+04
3.E+04
2.E+04
2.E+04
Fluoranthene
1.E+04
1.E+04
1. Sample volume
2. Type of the fiber
3. Time of extraction
4. Temperature
5. Stirring speed
0.E+00
0.E+00
00
20
20
40
40
60
60
Time, minOC
Temperature,
8080
100100
Examples of PAHs analysis in oil
shale waste leachate
Phenantrene
Acenaphthene
Phenantrene
Fluorene
Fluorene
Fluoranthene
Naphthalene
Acenaphthene
Pyrene
Conclusions
The proposed method can be recommended
for leachate analysis of oil shale waste
because it is:






Simple
Fast
Environmental-friendly
Sensitive
Reliable
Cheap
Thank you for your attention!
Tänan tähelepanu eest!
Спасибо за внимание!