CP551 Sustainable Development
(SD)
How can we all live well and live
within the means of one planet?
This is the research question of the
21st century.
If we do not design ways to live within
the means of one planet, sustainability
will remain elusive.
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
1
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/
Module 2:
Concepts of economic development &
human development.
Economic development indices & their critique.
Human development index & its critique.
Discussion on sustainable development indices.
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
2
Group Assignment 2.1:
What is economic development?
Why do we need economic development?
Is there a cost for economic development?
What is human development?
Does economic development helps human
development?
If yes, in which way?
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
3
Take 10 mins to answer the above.
Module 2:
Concepts of economic development &
human development.
Economic development indices & their critique.
Human development index & its critique.
Discussion on sustainable development indices.
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
4
Sri Lanka's economy is estimated to
grow by 6.0 percent in 2009
- Friday, January 2, 2009, Sri Lanka News Portal, Sri
Lanka News Online
Sri Lanka Central Bank predicts
2009 GDP growth to be 6.0 percent
- Friday, January 2, 2009, 15:37 GMT, ColomboPage
News Desk, Sri Lanka.
Economic growth = GDP growth?
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
5
What is GDP?
• GDP is abbreviation for Gross Domestic Product.
• GDP is a measure of a nation’s total economic activity.
• GDP is simply the addition of annual monetary value of
all goods and services produced within a country.
• GDP reflects activities related to production and
consumption of goods and services within a country.
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
6
GDP = Consumer spending
+ Government spending
+ Investment made by industry
+ Net exports
exports are added
imports are deducted
durable goods
food and clothing
services
Defense
Roads
Schools
Salaries
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
Spending on plants and equipment
Homes
Business inventories
7
Source: http://www.mindtools.net/GlobCourse/formula.shtml
GDP = Consumer spending
+ Government spending
+ Investment made by industry
+ Net exports
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
8
Source: www.moneychimp.com
Atoll K is small island nation. Its population total is 400, and it
has 100 wage earners who earn an average of $50 per year.
Each wage earner spends $40 per year buying local goods
and services and $2.50 buying imports. The island exports a
total of $800 worth of goods. The Government tax rate is 10%
and all government money is spent on building infrastrcuture
and supporting schools. There is only one industry (uranium
mining) on the island and it employs every wage earner. The
industry spends $600 each year on new mining equipment.
What is the GDP?
GDP = Consumer spending + Government spending
+ Investment made by industry + Net exports
= $40*100 + 0.10*(100*$50)+ $600 + $800 - $2.50*100
= $5650
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
9
Source: http://www.mindtools.net/GlobCourse/formula.shtml
high GDP
per capita
Economical
Status
indicators
good
income
distribution
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
measured by
Gini Index
Source: Montenegro, A., An Economic Development 10
Index,
http://129.3.20.41/eps/dev/papers/0404/0404010.pdf
Gini Index is a measure of
income distribution in a country
Gini Index = 0 means absolute equality
Gini Index = 100 means absolute inequality
US
Sweden
GDP per capita
(PPP US$)
in 2005
Gini Index
in 2000
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
11
Source: HDR2007/08, http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/
Gini Index is a measure of
income distribution in a country
Gini Index = 0 means absolute equality
Gini Index = 100 means absolute inequality
GDP per capita
(PPP US$)
in 2005
Gini Index
in 2000
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
US
Sweden
41,890
32,525
40.8%
25%
12
Source: HDR2007/08, http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/
80
Gini Index
70
60
50
40
30
20
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
GDP per capita (PPP US$) 2005
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
13
Source: HDR2007/08, http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/
80
Namibia
Gini Index
70
60
Sri Lanka
Singapore
50
Hong Kong
USA
40
30
Norway
Sweden
20
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
GDP per capita (PPP US$) 2005
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
14
Source: HDR2007/08, http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/
GDP per capita is an average measure.
It alone does not represent the economic
status of an average citizen in a country.
Gini Index must be incorporated into
GDP per capita
to get a good idea
of the economic status
of an average citizen in a country.
How to do that?
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
15
GDPI =
ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
16
1
0.9
GDPI
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
GDPI =
0.4
ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
0.3
0
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
10000
20000
30000
40000
GDP per capita (PPP US$) 2005
17
Source: HDR2007/08, http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/
GDPI =
ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EQI =
ln(100) - ln(Gini Index)
ln(100) - ln(20)
GDPI_GI =
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
GDPI*EQI
Socially responsible
GDP per capita index
18
1
0.9
Norway
0.8
US
0.7
0.6
0.5
GDPI
GDPI_GI
0.4
0.3
0
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
10000
20000
30000
40000
GDP per capita (PPP US$) 2005
19
Source: my calculations
GDP growth (even with a very low Gini Index)
measures only the economic growth of a nation.
GDP growth does not necessarily reflect the
improvement in the well-being of the citizens of a
nation.
- Simon Kuznets,
the inventor of the concept of the GDP,
noted in his very first report
to the US Congress in 1934.
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
20
• GDP takes no account of income distribution
• GDP treats crime, divorce and natural disasters as
economic gain
• GDP ignores the non-market economy of household
and community
• GDP treats the depletion of natural capital as income
• GDP increases with polluting activities and then again
with clean-ups
• GDP ignores the drawbacks of living on foreign assets
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
21
What else could be done
to improve the measure of
economic development
which could truly reflect the
well-being of an average
citizen in a nation?
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
22
stable
job
well paid
job
low
inflation
Measures
of human
well-being
high GDP
per capita
good
education
level
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
civil
liberties
free
markets
low infant
mortality
life free of
avoidable
morbidity
long life
adequate
nutrition
good
income
distribution
adequate
housing
care of the
environment
Source: Montenegro, A., An Economic Development Index,
23
http://129.3.20.41/eps/dev/papers/0404/0404010.pdf
Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI):
Green/welfare economists have suggested
to replace GDP by GPI
as a measure of economic growth.
GPI is an attempt to measure whether a country's
growth (increased production of goods and
expanding services) have actually resulted in the
improvement of the well-being of the people in the
country.
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
Note that GPI = 0 if the financial costs of
crime and pollution equal the financial gains
in production of goods and services.
24
Economic
Social
Environmental
• Economic growth
• Economic diversity
• Trade
• Disposable income
• Weekly wage rate
• Personal expenditure
• Transportation
expenditure
• Taxes
• Savings rate
• Household debt
• Public infrastructure
• House hold infrastructure
• Poverty
• Income distribution
• Unemlpoyment
• Underemployment
• Paid work
• Household work
• Parenting and Eldercare
• Free time
• Volunteerism
• Community
• Life expectancy
• Premature mortality
• Infant mortality
• Obesity
• Suicide
• Drug use
• Auto crashes
• Divorce
• Crime
• Problem gambling
• Voter participation
• Education attainment
• Oil, gas reserve life
• Oil sands reserve life
• Energy use
• Agriculture sustainability
• Timber sustainability
• Forest fragmentation
• Fish and Wildlife
• Parks and Wilderness
• Wetlands
• Peatlands
• Water quality
• Air quality
• Greenhouse gas
emissions
• Carbon budget
• Hazardous waste
• Landfill waste
• Ecological footprint
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
25
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
26
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
27
http://www.foe.co.uk/community/tools/isew/international.html
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
28
http://www.foe.co.uk/community/tools/isew/international.html
Module 2:
Concepts of economic development &
human development.
Economic development indices & their critique.
Human development index & its critique.
Discussion on sustainable development indices.
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
29
Human development Indices:
Level of Living Index (Drewnowski and Scott,
1966) includes nutrition, housing, health, education,
environment, and others
PQLI: Physical Quality of Life Index
(Morris, 1970) includes infant mortality, literacy rates
and life expectancy
QLI: Quality of Life Index (Ferrans and
Powers, 1980) includes health and functioning,
psychological/spiritual domain, social and economic
domain, and family
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
30
Human development Indices:
GNH: Gross National Happiness (Bhutan’s
former King Jigme Singye Wangchuck, 1972; Med Yones,
2006) includes economic, environmental, physical, mental,
workplace, social and political Wellness
GPI: Genuine Progress Indicator (Marilyn
Waring, 1980)
HDI: Human Development Index (UNDP,
1990) includes literacy rate, longevity, school enrolment and
GDP per capita
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
and much more……
31
Take a close look at the
UNDP defined
Human Development Index
(HDI)
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
32
Life Expectancy - 25
Life Index (LI) =
85 - 25
Education Index (EI)=
2
Adult Literacy
3
+
100
1
School Enrollment
3
100
ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
GDP Index (GDPI) =
ln(40000) - ln(100)
LI
HDI =
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
3
+
EI
3
+
GDPI
3
33
In 2006
Spain
United
States
Life Index
0.928
0.884
Education Index
0.971
0.968
GDP per capita
(PPP US$)
HDI Rank
29,208
43,968
16
15
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
34
Sources: Indicator Tables HDI 2008
http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008/
In 2006
Sri Lanka
Turkey
Life Index
0.781
0.776
Education Index
0.834
0.824
GDP per capita
(PPP US$)
HDI Rank
3,896
11,535
104
76
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
35
Sources: Indicator Tables HDI 2008
http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008/
GDP per capita has
strong influence on the HDI.
How important is
GDP per capita in
Human Development?
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
36
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
LI2006
EI2006
GDPI2006
0.4
0.3
0.2
0
10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000
GDP per capita (PPP US$) 2006
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
37
Sources: Indicator Tables HDI 2008
http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008/
1
0.9
HDI2006
0.8
0.7
HDI > 0.8 gives high HD
0.6
0.5
Is there a cost for keep on
increasing GDP per capita
which gives only a marginal
increase in HDI?
0.4
0.3
0.2
0
10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000
GDP per capita (PPP US$) 2006
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
38
Sources: Indicator Tables HDI 2008
http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008/
High the GDP
per capita
comes with
high per capita
electricity
consumption.
Electricity Consumption
per capita 2004 (kW-hrs)
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
0
10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000
GDP per capita (PPP US$) 2005
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
39
Sources: http://hdrstats.undp.org/buildtables/rc_report.cfm
CO2 Emissions per capita 2004
(tonnes of C equivalent)
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
GDP per capita (PPP US$) 2005
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
40
Sources: http://hdrstats.undp.org/buildtables/rc_report.cfm
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate
of Carbon Dioxide Production:
1. Virgin material supply limit: To stabilize the
atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately
550 ppmv by the year 2100, global anthropogenic
emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1015 g (= 7
to 8 giga metric tonnes) of C per year (IPCC, 1996).
2. Allocation of virgin material: Each of the
average 7.5 billion people on the planet over the
next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon
emissions.
This translates to roughly 1 metric tonne of C
equivalents per person per year.
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
Source: Graedel, T.E. and Klee, R.J., 2002. Getting serious 41
about
sustainability, Env. Sci. & Tech. 36(4): 523-9
CO2 Emissions per capita 2004
(tonnes of C equivalent)
High the GDP per capita
comes with unsustainable
amount of per capita CO2
emissions.
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
Sustainable
limit
3
2
1
0
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
GDP per capita (PPP US$) 2005
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
42
Sources: http://hdrstats.undp.org/buildtables/rc_report.cfm
Electricity Consumption
per capita 2004 (kW-hrs)
35,000
30,000
HDI > 0.8
25,000
High per capita
electricity consumption
is required to reach
super high HDI (>0.9).
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
HDI2005
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
43
Sources: http://hdrstats.undp.org/buildtables/rc_report.cfm
CO2 Emissions per capita 2004
(tonnes of C equivalent)
Unsustainable
amount of per capita
CO2 emissions are
required to reach
super high
HDI (> 0.9).
10
9
8
7
6
HDI > 0.8
5
4
3
Sustainable
limit
2
1
0
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
HDI2005
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
44
Sources: http://hdrstats.undp.org/buildtables/rc_report.cfm
Life Index (LI) =
Education Index (EI) =
GDP Index (GDPI) =
Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
2 Adult Literacy
3
100
3
100
ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
Emission free Index (EFI) =
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
+
1 School Enrollment
ln(40000) - ln(100)
1
(E/Es)2 + 1
E = CO2 emissions
Es = sustainable
CO2 emissions
45
HDI>0.9
Principal Component 1
0.899>HDI>0.8
0
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.799>HDI>0.7
0.699>HDI>0.6
Principal Component 2
0.599>HDI>0.5
low -0.5
low
HDI
HDI
-1
'super'
high HDI
‘super’
high
HDI
0.499>HDI>0.4
0.399>HDI>0.3
GDPI
LI & EI
EFI
-1.5
LI
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
HDI =
3
+
EI
3
+
GDPI
46
3
0.899>eHDI>0.8
Principal Component 1
0
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.799>eHDI>0.7
0
Principal Component 2
0.699>eHDI>0.6
-0.5
low
HDIlow
HDI
-1
0.599>eHDI>0.5
0.499>eHDI>0.4
GDPI
LI & EI
HDI
highhigh
HDI
-1.5
LI
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
eHDI =
EFI
4
+
EI
4
+
GDPI
4
+
EFI
47
4
UNDP defined HDI includes national averages of
Life Expectancy, Adult Literacy, School Enrolment
and the most criticized GDP per capita as
components of human development.
It does not include the environmental component
UNDP defined HDI is therefore not
a socially or environmentally
responsible index to measure
human development.
UNDP defined HDI is therefore not an index
to measure sustainable development with.
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
48
Human Development Index (HDI) 2010: New Definition
Life Expectancy at birth - 20
Life expectancy index (LEI) =
83.2 - 20
Education index (EI) =
 MYSI x EYSI
-0
0.951 - 0
MYS - 0
MYSI (Mean years of schooling index) =
13.2 - 0
EYS - 0
EYSI (Expected years of schooling index) =
20.6 - 0
Income index (GNII) =
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
HDI =
ln(GNI per capita) - ln(163)
ln(108,211) - ln(163)

3
LEI x EI x GNII
49
Human Development Index (HDI) 2010: Goalposts
Dimension
Observed maximum
Minimum
83.2
(Japan, 2010)
20.0
13.2
(United States, 2000)
0
20.6
(Australia, 2002)
0
0.951
(New Zealand, 2010)
0
Gross National Income
108,211
per capita (PPP $)
(United Arab Emirates,
1980)
163
(Zimbabwe,
2008)
Life Expectancy at
birth (LE)
Mean years of
schooling (MYS)
Expected years of
schooling (EYS)
Combined education
index
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
50
http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
LEI
0.4
EI
0.3
GNII
0.2
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
GNI per capita (PPP 2008US$)
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
51
http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
LEI
EI
GNII
HDI_2010
0.4
0.3
0.2
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
GNI per capita (PPP 2008US$)
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
52
http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf
Indices 2010
Ireland
United
States
Life Index
0.954
0.943
Education Index
0.919
0.890
GDP per capita
(PPP US$)
HDI Rank
33,078
47,094
5
4

HDI = 3
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
LEI x EI x GNII
53
Indices 2010
Ireland
United
States
Life Index
0.954
0.943
Education Index
0.919
0.890
GDP per capita
(PPP US$)
HDI Rank
33,078
47,094
5
4
4
7
HDI_noincome Rank

2
HDI_noincome = 
HDI = 3
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
LEI x EI x GNII
LEI x EI
54
Indices 2010
Sri Lanka
Turkey
Life Index
0.861
0.826
Education Index
0.633
4,886
0.558
13,359
91
83
75
103
GDP per capita
(PPP US$)
HDI Rank
HDI_noincome Rank

2
HDI_noincome = 
HDI = 3
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
LEI x EI x GNII
LEI x EI
55
Ecological Footprint (EF)
• EF measures humanity’s demand on nature.
• EF measures how much land and water area
a human population requires to produce the
resource it consumes and to absorb its wastes,
using prevailing technology.
• EF does not include an economic indicator.
- Mathis Wackernagel & William Rees, 1990
University of British Columbia.
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
56
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
Ecological Footprint (EF)
• EF is measured in global hectare (gha)
A global hectare (gha) is a common unit that
encompasses the average productivity of all the
biologically productive land and sea area in the
world in a given year.
Biologically productive areas include cropland,
forest and fishing grounds, and do not include
deserts, glaciers and the open ocean.
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
57
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/
frequently_asked_questions/#method1
North America
Europe (Non-EU)
Latin America & the Caribbean
Europe (EU)
Africa
Middle East & Central Asia
EF2005 (gha per capita)
Asia - Pacific
0
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
2
4
6
8
10
58
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
Biocapacity
• Biocapacity is shorthand for biological
capacity, which is the ability of an
ecosystem to produce useful biological
materials and to absorb wastes generated
by humans.
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
59
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
North America
Europe (Non-EU)
Latin America & the Caribbean
Europe (EU)
Africa
Biocapacity (gha
per capita)
Middle East & Central Asia
EF2005 (gha per
capita)
Asia - Pacific
0
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
2
4
6
8
10
60
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
For Sri Lanka
Built-up Land
Carbon Footprint
Fishing Ground Footprint
Biocapacity
(gha per capita)
Forest Footprint
EF2005 (gha
per capita)
Grazing Footprint
Cropland Footprint
Total
0
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
61
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
Total global biocapacity
= 13.4 gha
Total global biocapacity per capita
= 13.4 gha / 6.8 ≈ 2 gha ≈ 5 acres
Sustainable global EF per capita
= Total global biocapacity per capita
≈ 2 gha per capita
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
62
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
For the World
Total EF (billions gha)
Total Biocapacity (billions gha)
1961 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Before 1986, the world consumed resources and
produced CO2 at a rate consistent with what the
planet could produce and reabsorb.
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
63
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
The day we have consumed resources equivalent to
what the planet could produce in that year is known
as the Earth Overshoot Day of that year.
In 1986, Earth Overshoot Day was at the end of
December.
In 1996, Earth Overshoot Day was in November.
In 2008, Earth Overshoot Day moved forward to 23rd of
September
because we are now demanding resources at a rate of
40 percent faster than the planet can produce them.
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
64
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
EF is 1.3 times the biocapacity in 2005. That is to say
we need 1.3 planets to provide the resources we use
and absorb our waste.
This means, in 2005, it took the Earth one year and
four months to regenerate what we use in a year.
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
65
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
EF will be 2 times the biocapacity by the mid 2030 if
current population and consumption trends continue
according to moderate UN scenarios.
It means by the mid 2030s we will need the equivalent
of 2 Earths to support us.
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
66
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
HDI > 0.8
EF2005 (gha per capita)
10
High HDI (>0.8) is
accompanied by
unsustainable levels of
Ecological Footprint.
8
6
4
2
EF < 2 gha
per capita
0
0
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
0.2
Cuba
0.4
0.6
HDI2005
0.8
1
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org67and
http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008
EF2005 (gha per capita)
10
8
poor
6
medium
4
OK
2
good
0
0
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
0.2
0.4
0.6
HDI2005
0.8
1
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org68and
http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008
EF2005 (gha per capita)
10
8
poor
6
medium
4
OK
2
good
0
0
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
0.2
0.4
0.6
HDI2005
0.8
1
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org69and
http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008
How can we all live well and live within
the means of one planet?
The challenge ahead of us (engineers) is to
assist national and global development
to attain HDI > 0.8
while maintaining EF < 2 gha per capita.
HDI has flaws that must rectified.
However, the above could be considered
as the first step towards SD
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
70
Other SD indices:
• Human Development Index (HDI)
• Ecological Footprint (EF)
• Living Planet Index (LPI)
• City Development Index (CDI)
• Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI)
• Environmental Performance Index (EPI)
• Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI)
• Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW)
• Well Being Index (WI)
• Genuine Savings Index (GS)
• Environmental Adjusted Domestic Product (EDP)
Refer to ‘Measuring the Immeasurable: A Survey of
Sustainability Indices’ by C. Böhringer & P. Jochem
(made available at www.rshanthini.com)
Prof. R. Shanthini
71
19 Nov 2012
Goals of
Sustainable Development
Another way to define SD is in
what it specifically seeks to achieve
Prof. R. Shanthini Source:
19 Nov 2012
What is sustainable development? By R.W. Kates, T.M.72
Parris
& A. Leiserowitz (made available at www.rshanthini.com)
SD short-term (2015) Goals:
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of
the United Nations
They are 8 international development goals
192 UN member states have agreed to achieve
them by the year 2015
They were developed out of the 8 chapters of the
UN Millennium Declaration
Signed in September 2000 at the
Millennium Summit in 2000
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
73
Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education
Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality
Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases
Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
74
Source: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
Target 1:
Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of
people whose income is less than one dollar a day
Target 2:
Achieve full and productive employment and decent
work for all, including women and young people
Target 3:
Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of
people who suffer from hunger
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
75
Source: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education
Target 1:
Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and
girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of
primary schooling
Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and
Empower Women
Target 1:
Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary
education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of
education no later than 2015
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
76
Source: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality
Target 1:
Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the
under-five mortality rate
Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health
Target 1:
Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015,
the maternal mortality ratio
Target 2:
Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive
health
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
77
Source: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and
Other Diseases
Target 1:
Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of
HIV/AIDS
Target 2:
Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for
HIV/AIDS for all those who need it
Target 3:
Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence
of malaria and other major diseases
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
78
Source: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Target 1:
Integrate the principles of sustainable development into
country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of
environmental resources
Target 2:
Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant
reduction in the rate of loss
Target 3:
Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable
access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
Target 4:
By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the
lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
79
Source: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for
Development
Target 1:
Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, nondiscriminatory trading and financial system
Target 2:
Address the special needs of the least developed countries
Target 3:
Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries
and small island developing States
Target 4:
Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing
countries through national and international measures in order
to make debt sustainable in the long term
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
80
Source: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for
Development (continued)
Target 5:
In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access
to affordable essential drugs in developing countries
Target 6:
In cooperation with the private sector, make available the
benefits of new technologies, especially information and
communications
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
81
Source: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
SD long-term (beyond 2050) Goals:
The Great Transition of
the Global Scenario Group
Conventional Worlds scenario:
capitalist values maintained and only market forces and
incremental policy reform trying to curb environmental
degradation.
Barbarization scenario:
environmental collapse leads to an overall social collapse.
The Great Transition scenario:
humanity changes its relationship with the environment.
Prof. R. Shanthini
19 Nov 2012
….. more in Module 09
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