Module 12 continued
Energy Implications of Development
Options in Sri Lanka
Energy sources
Energy technologies
Energy sufficiency (conservation)
Energy efficiency
Energy security
Sustainability issues
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
Petroleum in Sri Lanka
- Off-shore exploration of petroleum in Mannar basin is being
considered.
- At present, crude oil is imported and refined at the
Sapugaskanda Refinery of the Ceylon Petroleum Corporation
(CPC).
- CPC and Lanka Indian Oil Company (LIOC) are responsible for
the total supply of petroleum.
- LPG supply is carried out by Shell Gas (Lanka) Pvt Ltd.
and Lanka Auto Gas Filling Stations (LAUGFS). Pvt. Ltd.
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
http://www.energy.gov.lk/sub_pgs/elibrary.html
Crude oil refined at Sapugaskanda Refinery
Imported
Crude oil
Crude Distiller and
other refinery plants
Flue Gas
LPG
Naptha
Gasoline
Kerosene
Auto/Super Diesel
Fuel oil
Heavy fuel oil
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
Brown Asphalt
http://www.energy.gov.lk/sub_pgs/elibrary.html
Sectoral Energy Consumption (thousand TOE)
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
Industry
Transport
Household, Commercial & Others
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1976
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
1981
1986
1991
1996
2001
2006
Sri Lanka Energy Balance 2010
Energy Consumption: Industrial Sector (thousand TOE)
5,000
4,500
Electricity
4,000
Petroleum
3,500
Biomass
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1980
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Sri Lanka Energy Balance 2010
Energy Consumption: Transport Sector (thousand TOE)
5,000
4,500
Petroleum
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1980
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Sri Lanka Energy Balance 2010
Energy Consumption: Household, Commercial and Others
(thousand TOE)
5,000
4,500
4,000
3,500
Electricity
Petroleum
Biomass
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1980
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Sri Lanka Energy Balance 2010
Secondary Energy Consumption in Sri Lanka (thousand TOE)
10,000
9,000
Electricity
8,000
Petroleum
7,000
Biomass
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1980
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Sri Lanka Energy Balance 2010
Secondary Energy Consumption in Sri Lanka (in %) in 2010
Biomass
57.48%
Petroleum
33.51%
Electricity
9.01%
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
Sri Lanka Energy Balance 2010
Biomass Energy
Dendro power generation
Grow fast growing tree species, having high energy yield.
Eg: Gliricidia Sepium tree
Harvest biomass from the forest using coppicing techniques
(the tree as a whole is not cut down, but pruned
systematically)
Transport biomass to the power plant
Fed into the furnace of the conventional steam turbine /
electrical generator system
Or, fed into a gasifier to produce a combustible gas that
could be burnt in a diesel engine coupled to an electrical
generator.
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
Source: http://www.efsl.lk/details.aspx?catid=3
Biomass Energy
Dendro power generation
Every MW of dendro power installed creates employment for
300 people in rural communities.
Unused land and agricultural smallholds are ideal locations
for the establishment of biomass plantations and people can
enhance their earnings by selling fuel wood to dendro plants.
Employment opportunities are also generated out of the need
to establish and manage fuel wood plantations and for plant
construction and maintenance work.
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
Source: http://www.efsl.lk/details.aspx?catid=3
Biomass Energy
Dendro power generation
Biomass is a renewable energy source which is almost
carbon neutral as the carbon emissions released during
combustion are recaptured during re-growth.
However in practice not all biomass generation will be
carbon neutral as transportation to the generation plant will
generate carbon emissions.
The leaves of the Gliricidia Sepium tree can also be used as
cattle feed or as a substitute for urea as a soil nutrient.
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
Source: http://www.efsl.lk/details.aspx?catid=3
Energy Conservation
The energy conservation fund was established in the mid
1980s to coordinate activities in this area, and later, in the
early 1990s, a separate unit for demand side management
was established in the CEB, mainly to focus on energy
conservation activities in the electricity sector.
This unit has been pursuing several utility sponsored DSM
programmes, such as popularisation of compact fluorescent
lamps (CFLs), development of an energy efficient building
code and energy labelling of electric appliances. Several
private, and non-governmental organisations too, pursue
energy conservation and management activities by offering
expert services and training programmes.
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
P.D.C. Wijayatunga et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 44 (2003) 3247–3265
23000
21000
19000
17000
15000
13000
11000
9000
7000
Forecast
Forecast with DS M activities
Years
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
5000
2008
E nerg y C ons umption - G Wh
25000
F orc es W ater
4%
1%
Textile
2%
Garments
10%
R ic e
0.2%
R ubber
7%
Others
42%
Ic e Making
1%
F ood & B ev
3%
C ement
Tea
3% P ac kagingC eramic
2%
2% 4%
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
S teel
4%
C omunic ation
1%
Hotels
4%
Hospitals
3%
B uildings
7%
Sector
kWh/Month
Forces
31.3
2607950
Water
133.3
11106772
Textile
61.6
5130054
310.1
25842745
7.0
582279
Rubber
241.1
20091750
Steel
140.4
11698280
37.7
3138110
130.7
10889828
87.5
7293099
Garments
Rice
Comunication
Hotels
Hospitals
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
GWh/year
Sector
kWh/Month
17.0
1419058
Buildings
239.0
19915546
Tea
119.2
9931076
65.3
5439253
Food & Bev
113.8
9484966
Packaging
50.3
4189149
Cement
108.4
9032761
Others
1367.5
Ice Making
Ceramic
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
GWh/year
S tre e t L ig ht
2%
L arg e &
m e dium
(Indus try &
C om m e rc ial)
44%
Dom e s tic
38%
S m all
R e lig ious (Indus try &
1%
C om m e rc ial)
15%
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
Environment related issues
Energy sector emissions:
Suspended particulate matter (SPM) consists mainly of
ash with minute quantities of unburned carbon particles.
Gaseous emissions released as a result of fossil fuel
Burning are carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2)
and oxides of nitrogen (NOx).
In Sri Lanka, it is mandatory for new thermal power projects
exceeding 25 MW and new hydropower projects exceeding 50 MW
in capacity to get environmental clearance from the relevant Project
Approving Authority by conducting an environmental impact
assessment (EIA)prior to commencement of the project.
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
P.D.C. Wijayatunga et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 44 (2003) 3247–3265
Emission standards
Emission standards (mg/MJ)
Pollutant
Sri Lanka
(proposed)
World Bank
European
(proposed) commission
Nitrogen oxides
300
260
225
Sulphur dioxide
520
700
140
Suspended
particulate
40
17
17
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
P.D.C. Wijayatunga et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 44 (2003) 3247–3265
Ambient air quality standards (24 h)
Ambient air quality standards (mg/m3)
Pollutant
Sri Lanka
World Bank
(proposed)
World Health
Organization
Nitrogen oxides
0.10
0.125
0.15
Sulphur dioxide
0.08
0.15
0.09
Suspended
particulate
0.30
0.11
0.15
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
P.D.C. Wijayatunga et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 44 (2003) 3247–3265
Ambient air quality standards (1 h)
Ambient air quality standards (mg/m3)
Pollutant
Sri Lanka
World Bank
(proposed)
World Health
Organization
Nitrogen oxides
0.25
0.35
0.32
Sulphur dioxide
0.20
0.40
0.35
Suspended
particulate
0.50
-
-
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
P.D.C. Wijayatunga et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 44 (2003) 3247–3265
Environment related issues
Energy sector emissions:
Warm water discharges
Inundation of land (in case of large hydro reservoirs)
Land use pattern changes
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
P.D.C. Wijayatunga et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 44 (2003) 3247–3265
Sustainability Issues
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012