WASH Cluster – Emergency Training
UF
WASH Response to Urban
Floods
Session 3
Plan and Response to Urban Floods
UF3
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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training
UF
Session overview
Session objectives and overview of activities
5 mins
Stakeholders in the response
20 mins
WASH technical solutions in an urban flood setting
60 mins
Questions & feedback
5 mins
Case Study: Gonaïves, Haiti, 2008
20 mins
Good practices in an urban flood setting
20 mins
Group activity – WASH response matrix
45 mins
Questions and feedback
Total time
UF3
5
3 hrs
2
WASH Cluster – Emergency Training
UF
Stakeholders in planning for the WASH
response in an urban floods setting
Identify key
stakeholders in
planning the WASH
response?
Role of each group
in planning for the
response?
UF3
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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training
UF
Hygiene Promotion – considerations in
an urban flood setting
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•
•
Additional items may be included in the non-food item
(NFI) / hygiene kits e.g. impregnated mosquito nets,
oral rehydration salts *
Additional messages for communication efforts:
 Management of diarrhoea, malaria, urinary infection
 Operation and maintenance of facilities given high
groundwater levels
 Hygienic waste disposal - avoiding drainage systems
and waterways becoming blocked with waste
Specific targeting of different groups, distinguishing
between those residing in camps and those in dwellings
* Approach to managing diarrhoea to be agreed with MoH and Health Cluster
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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training
UF
Water supply – basic repairs to water
treatment works (WTWs)
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
UF3
Inform the WASH Cluster /
sector agencies
Acquire resources
Start clearing the mud and
evacuating stagnant water
Repair the electrical system
Repair or replace damaged
pumps and valves
Repair the water treatment
tanks and reservoirs
Provide chemical reagents
and treatment agents
Repair the pipes
Source: Branched distribution network (WEDC)
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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training
UF
Water supply – restart of machinery
1. Switch on power and verify
electrical functioning
2. Check functioning of each
pump or group of pumps
3. Set in motion the water
treatment process
4. Measure the flow and dosage of
the treatment chemicals
5. Perform the ‘Jar test’
6. Measure the turbidity of water
7. Check residence time in each
treatment stage
8. Check water quality
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 Turbidity: should not exceed 2
NTU
 pH: between 6.8 and 7.2 to allow
effective chlorination.
 Microbial contamination:
0 thermotolerant coliforms per
100 ml.
 Residual aluminium: <0.5mg
per litre.
 Heavy metals and organic
pollutants: Refer to ‘WHO
guidelines for Water Quality’,
(WHO, 2006).
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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training
UF
Water supply – immediate measures
UF3
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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training
UF
Exercise – identify excreta disposal
options suitable for immediate response
1. Pit latrines
2. Chemical “Portaloo” toilets
3. Pour-flush toilets
4. Storage tank latrines
5. Packet latrines
6. Bucket latrines
7. Floating latrines
8. Rapid kit (type) latrines
9. Raised urine-diversion (UD) toilets
10. Repair existing excreta disposal facilities
11. Temporary latrine structures installed directly over the
sewer inspection covers
12. Overhung latrines
UF3
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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training
UF
Excreta disposal - immediate measures
1. Pit latrines
2. Chemical “Portaloo” toilets
3. Pour-flush toilets
4. Storage tank latrines
5. Packet latrines
6. Bucket latrines
7. Floating latrines
8. Rapid kit (type) latrines
9. Raised urine-diversion (UD) toilets
10. Repair existing excreta disposal facilities
11. Temporary latrine structures installed directly over
the sewer inspection covers
12. Overhung latrines
UF3
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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training
UF
Excreta disposal – lesson learned
A floating latrine
in an urban
flooded city of
Borneo:
A coping
mechanism with
poor public health
implications
Source: ACF
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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training
UF
Vector control – immediate measures
Response options:
• Chemical vector control
• Environmental sanitation measures
• Personnel protection measures
Vector
Mosquitoes
Rats
Flies
&
Cockroaches
Ticks,
Fleas,
Lice
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Disease/Condition
Dengue, Malaria, Yellow Fever,
Fever, Filariasis, etc.
Leptospirosis, Hanta virus, Bubonic
plague, Typhus, etc.
Diarrhoeal diseases
Typhus
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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training
UF
Case Study: Gonaïves, Haiti, 2008
Source: UNICEF
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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training
UF
Gonaïves floods: First response
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•
•
Deployment of heavy
bulldozers (D9-D10) and
trucks to remove mud
and gain access to the
city
Water trucking to
provide emergency
supply
US Coast Guard airlifts
water, hygiene kits, food
and shelter
Rapid Emergency Needs Assessment
Source: The Boston Globe
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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training
UF
Gonaïves floods: Examples of
appropriate WASH response
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•
•
UF3
Installation of 2Km
flexible pipeline
equipped with 15 tap
stands
Distribution of POU
filtering kits
Utilisation of urban
population density to
support more efficent
water distribution
schemes
A standpipe installation supplying about 1000 inhabitants
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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training
UF
Gonaïves floods: Examples of
appropriate WASH response cont.
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•
•
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Collaboration with
Government and other
stakeholders to
broadcast hygiene
messages via radio
Distribution of packet
latrines for those
remaining in their homes
WASH Cluster used as a
forum for solving WASH
technical problems
Source: Waves of Change: Haiti Community Radio
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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training
UF
Good practice – be innovative
Source: Dhaka Ahsania Mission
Source: ALNAP, 2009
A Chulli Water Purifier, local
technology in Bangladesh
Registering a beneficiary with
a handheld device
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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training
UF
Good practice – creative partnerships
• Between agencies including NGOs and
government agencies (national and
international)
• With the private sector (national and
international)
• Between donors and implementers
• With local communities and CBOs
• With researchers and academics
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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training
UF
Good practice – use of local materials
Prioritise use of local
materials, similar to
those used previously, to
repair and rehabilitate
infrastructure.
Source: Oxfam
UF3
With replacements, use
similar locally-available
parts e.g. electrical
devices, pumps, valves,
and pipelines, wherever
possible.
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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training
UF
Good practice – community mobilisation
Consider community
mobilisation for post-flood
clean up:
•
•
•
Source: ACF
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•
Blocked urban drainage
systems
Accumulation of mud and
flood related debris in the
streets
Flooded homes containing
silt
and
flood-related
debris
Disposal
of
destroyed
household possessions
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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training
UF
Good practice – disaster risk reduction
In areas at risk of
recurrent flood
emergencies, it is
important to
incorporate DRR
activities into the
response
Source: ACF
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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training
UF
Good practice – water source protection
Water source
protection e.g.
raising
hand‐pumps may
be more
cost‐effective
than providing
additional
supplies
Source: ACF
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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training
UF
Cross-cutting issues – good practice
Specific targeting and
tailoring the response
to different groups
affected by the floods
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WASH Cluster – Emergency Training
UF
Key Learning Points
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UF3
Importance of coordination and partnership building
with local authorities, water boards and suppliers
Interventions should focus on getting municipal supplies
operating as quickly as possible
There are a range of immediate short term WASH
solutions appropriate in an urban flood setting
The response should be tailored for different groups
affected differently by the flood
Main problems often ‘software’ rather than ‘hardware’
Emergency preparedness is an essential consideration in
urban contexts.
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