Enzymes used in the
detergent industry
08/04/2015
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Carbohydrases
4 Types of enzymes are used for
different detergents
Substrate
Examples
Protease
Proteins
Blood, egg, milk
grass, meat
Lipase
Triglycerides
Organic fats and oils,
sebum, lipstick
Amylase
Starch
Rice, noodles,
potatoes, corn
Cellulase
Cellulose
Cotton, viscose
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Catalytic actions of detergent enzymes
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Stain removal
 Surfactants can remove most of the soils in laundry.
Why do we need the enzymes?
 Enzymes and surfactants generally work complementary, and
together they can do the cleaning job at low temperature +
mild pH
 The following cartoon shows how
enzymes degrade soil partially
and surfactants bring the reminder into suspension
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Removal of stain 1:
The stain is bound to a surface
Stain
Substrate
Fibre
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Removal of stain 2:
A surfactant has been added
Surfactant
Soil
Fibre
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Removal of stain 3:
Enzymes are added and
degrade available sites
Enzyme
Surfactant
Soil
Fibre
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Removal of Stain 4:
The soil comes loose
and goes into suspension
Surfactant
Enzyme
Soil
Fibre
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
General principle of stain removal
Clean vest
Stain
Wash, no enzýmes
Stain less visible

Wash with enzymes
Stain no longer visible

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Removal of invisible stains: redeposition
Clean vest
Stain
Washed

Washed in dirty water, No enzymes
Washed in dirty water, With enzymes

Conclusion: Enzymes give more permanent cleaning!

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Removal of inorganic particulate soils
H1: washed
without
cellulase
H2: washed
with
cleaning
cellulase
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Removal of fuzz and pills
Without cellulase
With the care cellulase:
Carezyme®
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Enzymes boost the removal of …
• Food and plant stains in laundry and ADW
• Invisible impurities in laundry and ADW
• Particulate inorganic soils in laundry
• Fuzz and pills in laundry
BUT….. Which enzymes for what?
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International brand support model
Cellulase
Lipase
Amylase
Protease
Basic performance
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
International brand support model
Polarzyme
Stainzyme
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Proteases
NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Proteases from Novozymes
Alcalase®
For low pH, soft on wool
Esperase®
For high pH, mainly I&I*
Everlase®
Relatively stable in presence of bleach
Savinase®
High performance standard protease
Polarzyme®
High performance low temp. protease
Ovozyme®
Tolerates protease inhibitors from eggs
Relase®
For liquid detergents
Coronase®
For liquid detergents
*I&I = Industrial and Institutional cleaning
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Proteases catalyze the hydrolytic
cleavage of the peptide chain
Protease
-R1CH-CO-NH-CR2H- + H2O →
Proteases can provide:
• stain removal
• cleanliness
• general whitening
-CR1H-COO- +
+H N-CR H3
2
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Facts about proteases
 Novozymes proteases have been used since 1963
 Are used in 75 % of all detergents
 Protease is a basic ingredient in laundry and ADW detergents
 Protease effects cannot be substituted by any other ingredients
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Protease effect on blood spots
not washed
washed 3 times,
no protease
washed 3 times,
with protease
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Stain removal with protease in laundry
Protease
no
yes
Protease
no
yes
Cocoa
(CFT)
Grass
(Equest)
Blood
(CFT)
Spinach
(Equest)
Salmon paste
(Equest)
Olives
(Equest)
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Protease effect on blood spots Protease
effect after 3 wash cycles and re-soiling
No
protease
Re-soiling
With
Protease
Re-soiling
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Proteases perform well at high pH
The figure shows Alcalase versus Savinase
Relative Activity
(%)
pH
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Wash performance of polarzyme 12T
25 °C, TOM1, Regular powder, 10 °dH, 20 min, EMPA 117 swatch
Unwashed
1) TOM (Tergotometer) is a small
scale method simulating top
loading US washing machine
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Protease sensitive test swatches:
 CFT C-10
Pigment/Oil/Milk on cotton
 CFT C-03
Chocolate milk/Soot on cotton
 EMPA112
Cocoa on cotton
 CFT C-05
Blood/Milk/Ink on cotton
 EMPA116
Blood/Milk/Ink on cotton
 EMPA117
Blood/Milk/Ink on cotton/polyester
 EMPA111
Blood on cotton
 CS-8
Grass on cotton
 PCS-8
Grass on cotton/polyester
 EMPA164
Grass on cotton
 WfK 10N
Egg on cotton
 WfK 20N
Egg on cotton/polyester
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Low temperature profile of polarzyme
Activity profile of Polarzyme shifted towards lower temperatures maintaining
activity at high temperature
Activity temperature profile at pH 9
Relative activity
1,0
Polarzyme
Savinase
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0
0
20
40
60
Te mpe rature (°C)
80
100
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Protease benefit tested in wash & wear test
 Consumer wash and wear test: 70 men asked to wear a white cotton T-shirt
 T-shirts collected and cut in half
 One half washed in detergent with 0.1% Polarzyme 12T
 Other half washed in well known non-biological brand
 T-shirts sewed up, redistributed for another wearing and washing cycle (4
cycles in total)
 After each cycle the person responsible for the family´s laundry was asked to
rate the result
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Protease benefit in wash & wear test
- overall consumer preference
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Protease benefit in wash & wear test
consumer preference for each performance attribute
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Status for proteases
 Protease is applied in laundry and ADW for complete removal of
protein
 Protease is recognised world-wide as a neccesary provider of
basic detergency
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Lipases
NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Lipase mechanism
Lipase
Lipase
+
No odor
+
Odor
Short chain fatty acids
(C4 –C8)
Dairy soils
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Lipases from Novozymes
 Lipolase®
Original lipase wild type lipase. Multi wash lipase
 Lipex®
First wash protein engineered Lipase. Stain
removal and anti redeposition effects.
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Effects with Lipase
 First Lipase introduced in 1988
 First protein engineered lipase introduced in 1998
 Lipase can to some extent replace surfactants
 Remove fatty matter at low temperature
 Provide stain removal
- Lipase
 Give in-depth cleaning
 Reduces redeposition
+ Lipase
 General whitening
Lipstick
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Activity of Lipolase during drying
Relative Activity (%)
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Lipase performance
 Lipolase works best at low water concentration i.e. during
drying of laundry
 Lipex also works at high water concentrations such as in the
main wash
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Lipase for fat removal from
outside of cotton fibres
no lipase
Lard
Sebum
Olive Oil
with lipase
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Lipase effect on inside of cotton fibres
Cross sectional specimen of yarns soiled with olive oil
Olive oil
Unwashed
Olive oil
Washed with
detergent
Olive oil
Washed with
detergent &
lipase
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Lipase 1’st wash effect on polyester
0.2 mm
washed without lipase
0.2 mm
washed with lipase
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Lipex - visual soil removal in 1st wash
No Lipex
Lipex 500 LU/L
Lipex 1000LU/L
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Anti-redeposition benefits after 1st wash
- a secondary effect of Lipases
Unwashed
textiles
- Lipex
+ Lipex
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Status for Lipases
 Lipase can be used in laundry for complete lipid removal especially at
lower temperatures
 Secondary effect of lipases are contribution to general cleanness by
preventing redeposition of fats, oils and colorants
 In depth cleaning of textile fibres
 There is a smell issue that limits the dosage
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Amylases
NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Amylases from Novozymes
 Termamyl®
Original amylase for high temp.
 Termamyl® Ultra
Highly stable liquid amylase
 Duramyl®
Improved stability in the presence of
bleach
 Stainzyme®
High performance “Stainfighter”.
Performs well under low temperature
wash conditions
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
a-Amylases
 Amylases hydrolyse a-1,4-glucose-linkages randomly forming
soluble dextrins and oligosaccharides
 The viscosity of the gelatinized starch is reduced and the
solubility enhanced
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Removal of soils containing starch
 Gelatinization and swelling are needed to make the starch
susceptible to enzymatic breakdown
 For most starchy foods, various degrees of gelatinization result
from cooking
 Amylases boost the removal of starch e.g. from pasta, potato,
gravy, chocolate, and baby food
 Amylases prevent starch from adhering to the surface of
laundry and dishes and act as a glue for particulate soils
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Removal of invisible starch stain
Clean vest
Starch stain
Washed in dirty water, No enzymes
Washed in any detergent
Washed in dirty water, With enzymes
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pH-profile of Termamyl and Stainzyme
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Temp. profile for Termamyl and Stainzyme
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Washing time
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Different pH profiles
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Potato starch
Cotton
CFT CS-27
Polyester
CFT PS-27
Nylon
CFT NS-27
Polyacryl
CFT PAS-27
Cotton/Polyester
CFT PCS-27
With Termamyl®
With Stainzyme®
Commercial powder with bleaching agent, dosage: 4 g/l, Commercial washing machine,
temperature: 40°C, short programme
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Rice starch
Cotton
CFT CS-28
Polyester
CFT PS-28
Nylon
CFT NS-28
Polyacryl
CFT PAS-28
Cotton/Polyester
CFT PCS-28
With Termamyl®
With Stainzyme®
Commercial powder with bleaching agent, dosage: 4 g/l, Commercial washing machine,
temperature: 40°C, short programme
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Status for Amylases
 Amylases important for stain removal in laundry
 Amylases are to a large extent recognised as a provider of basic
detergency in laundry
 Amylases very important type of enzymes for dishwashing applications
 Stainzyme launch is a break through in amylase technology
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Cellulases from Novozymes
Celluzyme®
first cellulase from NZ, colour
clarification, prevents anti-redeposition,
tolerant towards LAS. Multi-component
enzyme product. 1986.
Carezyme®
colour clarification, care cellulase, high activity
on cellulose fibres, sensitive to LAS. 1998.
Endolase®
prevents anti-redeposition and maintain
whiteness (in EU liquids). Works on soluble
cellulose. 1999.
Renozyme®
colour clarification, robust towards anionic
surfactants, cost effective cellulase
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Many cellulases have a domain structure
Catalytic Core
Hydrophilic
Linker
Cellulose Binding
Domain
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
“Cellulase” enzymes working together to
degrade cellulose
Carezyme / Renozyme
CBH II
EG
G
R
NR
EG
Endolase
EG
CBH I
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Cellulase reactions
 Cellulases hydrolyse b-1,4-glucose-linkages forming soluble
dextrins
 The substrate is water-rich amorphous cellulose
In fibers this is especially found in stress points where the
cellulose crystal structure is disrupted
 Some cellulases are only active on soluble forms of cellulose
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Removal of fuzz
= Clearer Colors
No Cellulase
With Carezyme
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Cellulase effects
 Fuzz removal (Color clarification)
 Depilling / anti-pilling
 Soil removal (cleaning)
 Anti-redeposition
 Softness
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Endolase® antiredeposition effect
Without cellulase
White cotton
“Grey” cotton
+
Wash
With cellulase
Carbon soil
“Less grey ” cotton
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Endolase® cleaning effects
No Endolase
Whiteness
Unwashed
Wash 1
Wash 2
Endolase
Wash 3
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Status for cellulases
Big difference in effects of different cellulases

Color clarification & care: Celluzyme, Carezyme and
Renozyme

Anti-redeposition & Cleaning: Celluzyme and
Endolase
Cellulases can support both basic performance and aesthetics
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
Factors influencing enzyme wash
performance
 Detergent composition
 Enzyme concentration
 Temperature
 pH
 Water hardness
 Contact time
 Type of soil
 Type of wash system
 Type of wash method
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Thank you!