Energy and Innovation
NL Greenhouse sector
Olaf Hietbrink
LEI Wageningen UR
16 februari 2011
Den Haag
Content
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Trends towards the future
Greenhouse horticulture NL
Energy use en energy saving
Horticulture and Innovation; energy as the
driving factor
• Entrepeneur is the key player
Trends in agriculture
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Efficiency of scale: not only larger, also a second or
third holding / location (even abroad), separated for
technological / economic reasons
Forward and backward integration: contracts, short
chains, farm shops
Diversification in agri niche markets (organic, nature
contracts, agri-tourism, agri-healthcare etc.)
Diversification outside agriculture: pluri-activity,
investing capital elsewhere, including non-agricultural
use of buildings, energy production
Combinations of these trends
Foresight(s) 2050
• Big issue: can we feed 9 billion (with higher income levels)
with less environmental impacts?
• The debate focus on scarcities:
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Climate change
Environmental impact and biodiversity loss
Energy supply, biobased economy
Phosphate supply
Water availability
Declining productivity growth
Resistance to industrialisation of agriculture in Western countries
Characteristics Dutch greenhouse sector
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Acreage 10,300 ha
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Vegetables
Flowers
Plants
Seeds, cuttings, young plants
43%
28%
23%
6%
Employment 50,000 – 60,000 people
Turnover 6 Billion Euro (€ 60/m2)
Export 80-90%
Energy 4 billion m3 natural gas
Energy: 20-30% of production costs
Economies of scale increase quickly
Modern Greenhouse holding
Heat storage, energy production and glasshouses
Energy targets covenants (sector and government) (1)
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Energy-efficiency (1990 = 100%)
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Energy-efficiency = primary fuel / unit production
2010 52% (-48%)
2020 43% (-57%)
CO2-emission cultivation
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CO2-emission = fossil fuel
Cultivation = exclusive selling electricity
2008-2012 6.6 Mtonne
2020
5.8 Mtonne
Energy targets covenants (sector and government) (2)
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Share sustainable energy
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2010
2020
4%
20%
Cogeneration 2020
Reduction CO2-emissie national 2.3 Mtonne
 Capacity 3,000 MWe
 Running hours 3,500 / year
 Electricity production 10.5 billion kWh / year
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Energy Figures 2009
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Consumption natural gas Netherlands = 46 billion m3
Consumption Greenhouse Sector
= 3.9 billion m3 (8%)
Cogeneration Greenhouse Sector
= 3.2 billion m3 (8%)
Electricity consumption Netherlands
= 112 billion kWh
Production cogeneration Greenhouses = 11 billion kWh (10%)
Selling
6.2 billion kWh = 26% households
Net selling 3.7 billion kWh = 15% households
CO2-emission Netherlands
= 174.5 Mtonne (2008)
CO2-emission Greenhouse Industry
= 7.0 Mtonne (4%)
National reduction cogeneration Greenhouses = 2.3 Mtonne (1,3%)
Energie efficiency
110
energye-efficiency (% 1980)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
year
real development
without cogeneration
targets
Physical production per m2
physical production (% 1980)
140
130
120
110
100
1990
1995
2000
year
2005
CO2-emission (Mtonne)
CO2-emission
9,0
8,5
8,0
7,5
7,0
6,5
6,0
5,5
5,0
4,5
4,0
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
year
CO2-emission total
CO2-emission cultivation (excl. selling electricity)
target cultivation 2008-2012
target cultivation 2020
2020
Sustainable energy
share sustainable energy (%)
20
16
12
8
4
0
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
year
share sustainabble energy (%)
target 2010
target 2020
Alternative Energy sources (2009)
Efficient production
Cogeneration growers
6,400 ha
Buy heat (cogeneration other owners)
900 ha
Buy external CO2 (enrichment crops)
0.5 Mtonne
Sustainable energy
Sun energy (closed greenhouses)
1.3% total energy consumption
187 ha
Bio fuel (cogeneration and boilers growers)
66 ha
Geothermal heat
15 ha
Buy sustainable heat (bio fuel other owners)
33 ha
Buy sustainable electricity (public grid)
91 million kWh
Capacity Cogeneration Sector
capacity cogeneration (MWe)
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
beginning of the year
Buy, sell and production Electricity:
net supplier of electricity
12000
electricity (million kWh)
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
year
buy
sell
production
2007
2008
2009
Gas price and net energy costs
260
240
index (2002 = 100)
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
year
commodity natural gas (cent/m3)
net (buy - sell) energy costs (Euro/m2)
2009(v)
Innovation: energy is a driving factor
Programme Greenhouse as Energy Source
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Transition paths
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Solar energy / closed greenhouse
Geothermal energy
Bio-fuels
Reduction demand
Cogeneration
Light (natural and artificial)
External CO2
Energy grids
Energy efficient greenhouses
Steps:
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Maximum use of solar energy
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High light transmission of greenhouse
(construction, covering, coatings, reduce screen
use…)
Reduction of energy use
Efficient conversion of energy, heat
storage and re-use
Efficient energy use:
unit product per unit energy
Replace fossil by renewable energy
bron: S. Hemming
Energy efficient greenhouses
Steps:
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Maximum use of solar energy
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Reduction of energy loss
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Winter: minimize energy loss (double AR glass, low-e
coating, thermal screens…)
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Summer: efficient cooling (natural ventilation, fogging…)
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Efficient conversion of energy, heat
storage and re-use
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Efficient energy use:
unit product per unit energy
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Replace fossil by renewable energy
bron: S. Hemming
Energy efficient greenhouses
Steps:
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Maximum use of solar energy
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Reduction of energy use
Efficient conversion of energy, heat
storage and re-use
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Co-generation, efficient conversion of solar
energy, heat exchanger, heat storage and re-use
Efficient energy use:
unit product per unit energy
goot
Replace fossil by renewable energy
bron: S. Hemming
aanvoer in kas
Energy efficient greenhouses
Steps:
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Maximum use of solar energy
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Reduction of energy use
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Efficient conversion of energy, heat
storage and re-use
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Efficient energy use:
unit product per unit energy
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Temperature integration, no lower heating, higher
humidity, reduced transpiration, intelligent climate
control, new crop limits…
Replace fossil by renewable energy
bron: S. Hemming
Energy efficient greenhouses
Steps:
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Maximum use of solar energy
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Reduction of energy use
Efficient conversion of energy, heat
storage and re-use
Efficient energy use:
unit product per unit energy
Replace fossil by renewable energy
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Biofuels, biogas, wood, solar cells,
geothermal, wind….
bron: S. Hemming
Climate controlled-energy efficient
More conditioned greenhouses are the future
 control production factors
 high quality product, ready on demand
 economics of production
Reduce energy consumption is demanded in the future
 maximum use of sun light
 reduce energy losses
 explore the limits of the crop
 use renewable energy sources
Knowledge composition, innovation
Experiments
Research
Extension
Entrepe
neur
Capacity
Building
Government
Education
Entrepeneurial skills makes things happen
Entrepeneurship essential for innovation and
success (economic & sustainable production)
Important factors for innovation :
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Intensity of production
Energy market
Markets & price development
Consumer demand en societal impact
Financial situation
Thanks for your attention
olaf.hietbrink@wur.nl
www.lei.wur.nl
© Wageningen UR