DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
M. Winther, U. Kousgaard, T. Ellermann, M.
Ketzel, P. Løfstrøm, A. Massling, J.K. Nøjgaard
Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Morten Winther Senior adviser 27. november 2012
› Arising from the concern of airport workers health, a detailed investigation of the air pollution in Copenhagen Airport has been conducted in 2009-2011.
› Main focus was the airport apron area where handling occurs.
› The airport study as such comprises a detailed baseline emission inventory as well as subsequent dispersion modeling of the air quality (Ellermann et al., 2011).

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Morten Winther Senior adviser 27. november 2012
› This presentation explains the detailed baseline emission inventory for aircraft main engines, auxiliary power units (APU) and handling equipment.
› Total emission results of CO, HC, NO x and PM will shown for the apron area in focus and the airport as a whole.
› PM results for the apron (5m x 5m) will also be shown suited for the further dispersion modelling work.

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Morten Winther Senior adviser
› Activity data - and digitization
› Aircraft movements
› APU (Auxiliary Power Unit)
› Main engine start-up
› Handling equipment
› Road transport vehicles
› Emission factors
› Calculation method
› Results
› Conclusions
27. november 2012

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Morten Winther Senior adviser 27. november 2012
Aircraft movements digitized from airport data: Flight operation (Start/landing) and time, lane (04L+04R, 22L+22R, 12, 30), taxi way, gate no., on/off-block time

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Morten Winther Senior adviser
Digitization – APU, push-back and main engine start-up
27. november 2012
• APU (arrival, start-up, boarding):
Gate no., On/Off-block time.
• APU and push-back along the green/red lines (5 km/h).
• APU and main engine start-up by the start-up mark (red dot; e.g. P).
APU condition →
APU load →
2 engine aircraft
Arrival APU Start Boarding
Normal Start-up Normal
300 s 180 s 216 s
4 engine aircraft 300 s 180 s 318 s
Source: ICAO Airport Air Quality Guidance Manual (doc. 9889)
During push-back
Normal
Calculated
Calculated
Main engine start
High
35 s
140 s

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Morten Winther Senior adviser 27. november 2012
Aircraft category →
Handling period (min) →
Equipment type
Arrival
B C D E B
15 20 30 40 15
Working time (min)
Baggage truck
Conveyor belt
Push-back at gate
Push-back moving
Container loader
Container transporter
Fuel (dispenser truck)
Fuel (refuelling truck)
Cleaning highloader
Cargo/Post tractor
Toilet truck
Catering B/C/D/E
9
10
0
0
0
0
10
10
0
0
0
1
10 15 25 9
20 20 20 10
0
0
0
0
0 10
0 0
15 27.5 35 0
15 27.5 35 0
15 30 50 a
0
15 30 50 a
0
0
5
10 15 0
5 5 0
0
3
0
5
0
5
Water truck 0 0 0 0
• Aircraft are grouped into four size categories (B-E).
0
0
0
• Arrival: Handling starts immediately after on-block at the gate.
Departure
C D
20 30
Working time (min)
E
40
10 15
20 20
10 10
0 0
15 27.5
15 27.5
0
0
0
5
0
0
10
5
10 20
0 0
7,5 15
0
0
15
5
20
0
15
25
20
10
0
35
35
Load factor
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.75
0.45
0.35
0.1
0.1
0.45
0.15
0.25
0.1/0.2/0.22/0.22
0,25
• Departure: Handling ends immediately before off-block at the gate.
• Handling equipment list from the handling companies: Fuel type, engine size, emission stage/year.

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Morten Winther Senior adviser 27. november 2012
› Handling occur on the right side of the aircraft. Area: Aircraft x wing length
› The working time is increased to cover the full handling period (handling table); emission rates are decreased correspondingly
› An exception for push-back; 10 mins before off-block, and movement towards the engine start up mark

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Morten Winther Senior adviser 27. november 2012
› Main engines: flyID (airport) → engineID (global database)
› NO x
, CO, HC (g/kg fuel), smoke no., fuel (kg/s): Idle, take off
› Jet engines: ICAO engine exhaust emission database
› Turbo props (TP): FOI Sweden emission database
› Particulate matter (PM): ICAO’s FOA3.0 method (jets), and from a Swiss survey (TP)
› PM mass depends on smoke number, fuel sulphur and HC

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Morten Winther Senior adviser
27. november 2012
› APU
› NO x
, CO, HC and PM (kg/h): ICAO (air quality manual, doc. 9889)
› Fuel (kg/h): Lasport (German air quality model for airports)
› New/older aircraft types and seating capacity

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Morten Winther Senior adviser 27. november 2012
• Non road diesel: Split into emission levels and kW sizes according to EU emission directives.
• Non road emission data: EMEP/EEA guidebook.
• Road diesel: EU emission limits for Euro 0-V are used directly (Test cycle, ESC).
• Gasoline (baggage truck): Old ones ~ gasoline cars from 1970 ’s. New ones ~ Euro 1 cars.
Fuel type Legislation Emission level
Diesel Non road <1981
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Non road
Non road
Non road
Non road
1981-1990
1991-Stage I
Stage I
Stage II
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Non road
Non road
Non road
Road
Stage IIIA
Stage IIIB
Stage IV
Euro 0
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Road
Road
Road
Road
Road
Euro I
Euro II
Euro III
Euro IV
Euro V
Gasoline
Gasoline
Road
Road
ECE 15/00-01 (> 2l.)
Euro 1 (> 2l.)

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Morten Winther Senior adviser 27. november 2012
› The emissions are calculated as the product of the emission rate
(g/s) and time duration spend in cell i, for the activity:

E ( t , i )

ER
  t ( t , i )
∆E = Emission/fuel consumption (g) for cell = i and time = t
ER = Emission/fuel consumption rate (g/s) for ME, APU, ME start up and handling gear
∆t = Time duration for the activity in cell = i t = Time of the day (sec.)

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Morten Winther Senior adviser 27. november 2012
• The emission contributions from handling are clearly visible on the right side of the aircraft.
• The emission trails from push-back tractors are visible by the most inner part of the gates, and during the movement towards the main engine start-up marks.

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Morten Winther Senior adviser 27. november 2012
• APU emissions are visible at the gates, during push-back to ME start-up marks, and during ME start-up.

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Morten Winther Senior adviser 27. november 2012
• The map clearly depicts the ME emissions from the start-up marks, on the taxi ways towards the runways, and close to the gates moving into aircraft parking position.

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Morten Winther Senior adviser 27. november 2012

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
•
Inner apron: NO x and PM emission shares are significantly high for handling and APU.
•
Handling: High fuel related emission factors for the diesel fueled handling equipment.
•
APU: Somewhat lower emission factors, but large fuel consumption.
• ME: NO x and PM emissions are small due to the very small emission factors during taxiing.
• ME: Large amounts of HC and CO while taxiing and during engine start-up due to poor combustion.
• Total airport: ME HC and CO emissions are high.
During take off the emissions of NO x are high due to the high engine combustion temperature.
Apron emission distribution - Copenhagen Airport
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
HC CO NOx PM Fuel
Main engines
Handling
APU
Morten Winther Senior adviser 27. november 2012
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
HC
Total emission distribution - Copenhagen Airport
CO NOx PM Fuel
Main engines
Handling
APU

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Morten Winther Senior adviser
Total PM emissions/day - Copenhagen Airport
18
16
14
12
10
8
2
0
6
4
Road transport APU Handling Main engines
S: 942 ppm
Main engines
S: 0 ppm
27. november 2012
• JP sulphur content = 942 ppm, according to information from airport refueling services.
• The calculated PM emissions from main engines decrease by more than 50 %, in the case of zero sulphur in the jet fuel.
• APU: Most likely the PM emissions will be significantly reduced in this case also.
• Emissions from road transport vehicles (traffic counts, five zones) are rather insignificant.

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Morten Winther Senior adviser 27. november 2012
NO x emissions/day
Predominantly use of lane 22

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Morten Winther Senior adviser 27. november 2012
› A detailed 5x5 m airport emission inventory has been made, and emission results are explained by the size of emf. and fuel consumption (activity data).
› On the airport apron, handling is the largest emission source of NO x
(63 %) and PM
(51 %). APU emissions (NO x
: 25 %, PM: 45 %) are also considerable. ME emissions of
NO x
(11 %) and especially PM (4 %) are small.
› Conversely, on the apron, ME is the largest source of HC (63 %) and CO (44 %). For the whole airport, ME becomes the largest emission source for all pollutants.

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Morten Winther Senior adviser 27. november 2012
›
The calculated PM emissions from main engines decrease by more than 50 %, in the case of zero sulphur in the jet fuel.
›
APU: Most likely the PM emissions will be significantly reduced in this case also.

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Morten Winther Senior adviser 27. november 2012
›
› Ellermann, T., Massling, A., Løfstrøm, P, Winther, M., Nøjgaard, J. K. & Ketzel. M.. 2011: Investigation of air pollution at the apron at Copenhagen airport in relation to working environment (Danish with English summary) DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, Aarhus University. 148 p.
– DCE report no. 5. http://www.dmu.dk/Pub/TR5.pdf
› Løfstrøm, P., Ketzel, M., Winther, M., Kousgaard, U., Christensen, J., Geels, C., Massling, A., Nøjgaard, J.K., Ellerman, T.
2012: AIR POLLUTION LEVELS AT COPENHAGEN AIRPORT ESTIMATED BY MEASUREMENTS AND NESTED REGIONAL
EULERIAN, LOCAL GAUSSIAN PLUME AND CFD MODELS, 5 p., 14th Conference on Harmonisation within Atmospheric
Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes
– 2-6 October 2011, Kos, Greece.

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Morten Winther Senior adviser 27. november 2012

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Morten Winther Senior adviser
27. november 2012
› Trafiktællinger/15 min intervaller fra CPH (kamera):
› Hilton
› Busterminal v. T2
› Drop off v. T3
› Finger B-C
› Check Øst
› Køretøjskategorier
› Personbiler, varebiler/minibus, busser (rute/turist), bagagevogne
› Strækninger opmålt på kort
› Antagelser vedr. tomgang og kørehastighed