WHII.9
WHY???
Spurred
by revolution in technology
Originated in England because of…
1.
Natural resources!
 Mainly Coal and Iron Ore
 Water power and coal to fuel new machines
 Iron Ore to construct machines, tools, and
buildings
 Rivers for inland transportation
 Harbors from which merchant ships set sail
 What are natural resources?
 Originated
in England because….
2. The invention and improvement of the
steam engine occurred in England
 Who was this invented by?
3. Supportive economy and workforce
4. Willingness to invest
5. Political stability
6. Had ALL factors of production that were
needed
 Land, Labor and Wealth!
 From
England, it spread to the rest of
Europe and then United States
 1700—small
farms covered England
 Wealthy landowners bought out small
village farmers
• Improved farming methods (agricultural revolution)
• After buying all of the land it was enclosed
• Enabled to cultivate larger fields (enclosures)
• Landowners experimented with more productive
seeding and harvesting methods
 Higher crop yields!
 Results:
• New agricultural methods
• Large landowners forced small farmers to
become tenant farmers OR give it up and move
to cities
 What
did this lead to? (Especially for
cities?)
 Britain’s
textile industry clothed the WORLD
in wool, linen, and cotton.
 First industry to industrialize
 Late 1700 to early 1800
• Several major machines modernized the cotton
industry
• Among them were the spinning jenny, flying shuttle,
and cotton gin
 Flying
Shuttle
• Invented by John Kay
• Doubled the work a weaver could do in one day
• First operated by hand
• WEAVES the yarn into CLOTH
 Spinning
Jenny
• Invented by James Hargreaves
• Cash prize attracted people to
work to invent a spinner that could
keep up with the fast pace of the
weaver (flying shuttle)
• Named the spinning wheel after
his daughter
• Allowed one spinner to work eight
threads at a time
• First operated by hand
Invented by James Hargreaves
 Cotton
Gin
• Invented by Eli Whitney
• England’s cotton came from plantations in the
American south
• Industrialization of the textile industry in
England increased the demand for cotton
dramatically
• 1790s: removing seeds from raw cotton was
VERY hard work and VERY prickly!!
• 1793: cotton gin was invented to speed up the
process
Invented by Eli Whitney
American cotton production
skyrocketed…..
1.5 million pounds in 1790 to
85 million pounds in 1810!!!
 Invented
 1765
by James Watt
 Scottish
 Prior
to his faster and more efficient
improvement it used too much fuel
• Watt’s steam engine would work faster and more
efficiently while burning less fuel.
 Built
a better engine to be used in
factories and transportation
 Steam engine makes factories have
power!
Invented by James Watt
 Invented
by Henry
Bessemer
 Created a process for
making steel
 First inexpensive
process for creating
steel out of iron
• Burned excess carbon and
impurities out of molten
iron
Invented by Henry
Bessemer
The
Bessemer
Process
Henry
Bessemer
 Developed by Edward
 1st successful vaccine
Jenner
• Why did this have a large impact on life?
 Discovered
by Louis Pasteur
 French chemist
 Developed germ theory of disease
• Mid-1800s
• Bacteria causes disease!
• While examining fermentation process of
alcohol
 Developed
pasteurization process
• Kill germs in liquids such as milk
Match the inventions and people below.
1. Cotton Gin
a. Henry Bessemer
2. Spinning Jenny
b. Louis Pasteur
3. Flying Shuttle
c. John Hargreaves
4. Bessemer Process
D. James Watt
5. Smallpox Vaccine
E. Edward Jenner
6.
Bacteria
7. Steam Engine
F. John Kay
G. Eli Whitney
 Population
increase
 Increased standards of living for many
BUT not all
 Improved transportation
 Urbanization (what?)
 Environmental pollution
 Increased education
 Dissatisfaction of working class with
working conditions
 Growth of middle class
 American Robert Fulton
• Invented the Steamboat
• Led to transportation of goods and people up and
down rivers
 George Stephenson
• Invented, improved, and built the Steam Locomotive
• “The Rocket”
• Led to widespread development of railroads for
transportation of people and goods
 Roads were also improved
• Drainage systems were invented to eliminate the
problem of mud
 How
did environmental pollution
increase due to the industrial revolution?
 Average
worker spent 14 hours a day on
the job, 6 days a week
• Factory owners wanted to increase production
and keep machines going as much as possible
 Factories
were not clean and poorly lit
 Workers were injured by machines
 No government program/protection to
aid workers (worker comp.)
 Most dangerous conditions were in the
coal mines
 New
middle class transformed social
structure of Great Britain and other
industrialized nations
WHY???
WHII.9c
The effects of the Industrial Revolution
I. Increase in population, education, and middle class
N. New advancements in Science (Jenner and Pasteur)
D. Dangerous Working conditions
U. Urbanization (city growth)
S. Standard of Living increases (how much you can buy)
T. Transportation improves (trains)
R. Rise of pollution
Y. Yeah, improvements to steel production (Bessemer process)
 First
factory system was created at home
in cottages
• Cottage Industry
 Family-based
Cottage industry was
displaced by the new factory system
Farm #3
Cottage Industry
Farm #2
The Merchant’s Route
Farm #1
FINISH
Town
START
Sheep
Farms
Worker’s
House
Worker’s
House
The Factory
Worker’s House
The Factory
System
The Worker’s System
 Harsh
working conditions—men
competed with women and children for
wages/jobs
 Child labor—kept costs of production
low and profits high
 Owners of mines and factories—
exercised HUGE control over the lives of
their laborers
 Due
to the new inventions did need for
slave labor increase or decrease? Why
or why not?
• Due to the cotton gin the demand for slave labor
on American plantations increased.
 1800s: United
States and Great Britain
outlawed the slave trade and then
slavery.
 Women
and children entering the
workplace as CHEAP labor
 Introduction of reforms to end child labor
 Expansion of education
 Women’s increased demands for suffrage
• What does that mean?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What were the social effects of the
industrial revolution?
How did the industrial revolution change
slavery? In addition, how was slavery
effected in the long run?
In what country did the industrial
revolution begin and how did it spread?
List at least three reasons why the
revolution began in the country it did.
What was the first industry to industrialize?
 Encouraged
work-organized strikes to
demand increased wages and improved
working conditions
 Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of
workers, including women and children
 Wanted workers’ rights and collective
bargaining between labor and
management
• What is collective bargaining?
 Pg. 304-306
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdu2
wrOZVsY&p=1B26308E66D92C98&playn
ext=1&index=14
 What
is an economic system?
• The way a government or state uses their money
 Governments
use money to help people
or provide for them
 It depends on your economic system as
to how it spends that money
An
economic system
Believes in individual ownership and
competition.
The theory is that when everyone is
selfish, it benefits everyone.
Adam Smith is “the” capitalist.
 Freedom
and choices.
 You can work wherever, buy whatever,
and pretty much do whatever.
 If you’re successful, you can be very
successful.
• Example: Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, Lebron James
 No “safety
net.”
 If you’re unsuccessful, you can be very
unsuccessful.
• Think about the poor.
 There
poor
is a BIG gap between rich and
 An
economic system.
 Believes in collective (group) ownership
and a planned economy.
 The theory is that everybody pools their
resources and labor to evenly distribute
everything.
 Karl Marx is “the” communist.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Abolition of property
Heavy, progressive
taxes
Abolition of inheritance
Confiscation of property
of all emigrants and
rebels
Central banking
State-controlled
communication and
transportation
State-controlled
education of the
children
 Marx
and Engels
studied the
history of the
world’s
economies
Capitalism
Feudalism
Basic
Communism
Socialism
Communism
!!!!
•They
believed they
discovered
an inevitable
pattern or
 Socialism
is, “from each according to their
ability, to each according to their DEEDS.”
• Socialism is the stage between Capitalism and
Communism. It builds upon the previous system
(Capitalism) by nationalizing the “means of
production” (i.e. corporations, resources, banks,
etc.), but not by making everyone equal.
• People are paid wages based on several factors
(social need, difficulty, amount of schooling required,
etc.), so not everyone will make the same wage.
 Communism
is “from each according to
their ability to each according to their
NEEDS.”
• EVERYONE GETS THE SAME THINGS!!!!!
 Security, basic
needs met.
 Everyone would have a job, house,
health care, etc.
 Lack
of choice
 No reward for being a better worker or
punishment for being a slacker.
 Everyone expected to be the same
 Not a lot of creativity
 Adam
Smith’s capitalism dominated the
Industrial Revolution.
• If you owned a good, successful business, there
were no regulations to how you treat workers
• This leads to BAD working conditions.
 Karl
Marx wrote about communism as a
solution to capitalism’s problems
• Marx said the workers would get fed up and
overthrow their governments and start
communism. THAT IS THE CYCLE!
Answer the following and then prepare to
turn in your warm ups.
1. What were some things that led to the
dissatisfaction of people in capitalist
economies?
2. What is the difference between
capitalism, communism, and socialism?
3. Who wrote the Communist Manifesto
and Das Kapital?
4. What were the two books above about?
Answer the following questions using your
notes we took yesterday.
1. What were some things that led to the
dissatisfaction of people in capitalist
economies?
2. What is the difference between capitalism,
communism, and socialism?
3. Who wrote the Communist Manifesto and
Das Kapital?
4. What were the two books above about?
5. Why did nations in Europe compete for
new markets in Africa and Asia?.
WHII.9d-e
Pride or devotion to one’s nation
Colonizing a land that doesn't belong
to you; making it a territory of your
land
Why did imperialism become popular?
 Nationalism motivated European nations to
compete for colonial possessions.
 European economic, military, and political
power FORCED colonized countries to trade
on European terms.
 Industrially produced goods flooded
colonial markets and displaced their
traditional industries.
 Colonized peoples resisted European
domination and responded in diverse ways
to Western influences.
Why did imperialism become popular?
 Industrial nations in Europe NEEDED
NATURAL RESOURCES and MARKETS to
expand their economies.
1.
Colonies
• A county or territory governed by a foreign
power
• Most were established for the benefit of the
mother country
• During this time the “mother country” looked for
supplies to help fuel the industrial revolution at
home
2. Protectorates
• A country or territory with its own internal
government
• BUT is still under the control of an outside power
• It is likely that the outside power established the
government in place to mirror their own
3. Spheres of influence
• An area in which an outside power claims
exclusive investment or trading privileges
• The “mother country” does not inflict its
government or full control on the sphere of
influence but instead uses something such as its
resources.
 European
Domination
• During the late 19th to early 20th century
European nations used their power and control
to dominate places in Africa and Asia for
European own benefit.
• Stronger countries dominated the political,
economic, and social life of weaker countries
 Especially in Africa
• Europeans also believed they were superior
 Growth of racism and Social Darwinism
 European
conflicts carried to the
colonies
• Berlin Conference
 Competition over colonies was so fierce European
countries feared war against one another
 In order to prevent the conflict 14 European nations
met at the Berlin Conference (1884-1885) to lay down
rules for the division of Africa
 ***Set rules for division of
Africa***
 Christian
missionary efforts
• Prior to the mid-1800s Europeans did not enter
the interior of Africa
 Why did they not need to enter Africa before?
• When people began exploring missionaries
were sent to convert the African people to
Christianity
 Spheres
of Influence in China
• Europeans and Japanese established spheres of
influence in China
• These foreign nations controlled trade and
investment
• US declared an open door policy which upset
the Chinese and led to the Boxer Rebellion
 Suez Canal
• After Napoleon failed to take Egypt a new leader
emerged – Muhammad Ali
 Began reform in Egypt
• Muhammad Ali’s efforts to modernize Egypt
were continued by his grandson Ismail
 Construction of the Suez Canal man-made waterway
that cut through the Isthmus of Suez
 Connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean
 Opened in 1869 and became the “lifeline of the
empire”
 ***Allowed Britain quicker access to its colonies in Asia
and Africa
 East
India’s Company domination in Indian
states (Britain still has links in India in mid1800s)
• The area controlled by the East India Company grew
over time
 British government regulated but didn’t really interfere
 Britain cherished India at first for its potential rather than
its profit
 America’s
opening of Japan trade
• The US opened Japan for trade
• They let go of the policy of isolationism
 Armed
Conflicts
• Boxer Rebellion in China
• Pg. 374
 Rise
of Nationalism
• First Indian nationalist party founded in mid-
1800s
• Pg. 361
 Resistance
to imperialism took many
forms, including armed conflict and
intellectual movements
• As foreign influence grew in China, poor
peasants and workers resented the special
privileges granted to the foreigners in China
due to the “Open Door Policy”
• They developed the Society of Righteous and
Harmonious Fists AKA “Boxers”
 Armed
Conflicts
• Boxer Rebellion in China
 Boxers’ campaign against the Dowager Empress
(Qing Dynasty) and foreign privilege became
known as the Boxer Rebellion
 In 1900, they descended on Beijing and surrounded the
European section of the city

Kept it under siege for several months

19,000 troops marched in and defeated the boxers

Result: Strong sense of nationalism emerged in China and
believed the government must be responsive to their needs
 Rise of Nationalism
• First Indian nationalist party founded in mid-
1800s
• With British control, more Indians demanded
modernization and a greater role in governing
themselves
 Didn’t want India to be controlled by outsiders
 Led by Ram Mohun Roy – “Father of Modern India”
 Two nationalist groups formed: Indian National
Congress and Muslim League
 Concentrated on concerns for Indians and later
called for self-government