Chapter 10
Industrial Revolution and the
Monroe Doctrine
Growth of Industry
•
The Industrial Revolution began in the
mid-1700’s in Britain. It was a period
during which machinery and technology
changed how people worked and
produced goods.
• The Industrial Revolution took hold in the
U.S. in New England around 1800.
1. Rivers and streams provided waterpower to run machinery in factories.
Industrial Revolution
2. New England was near needed resources,
such as coal and iron from Pennsylvania and
therefore had an advantage.
3. New England shipped cotton from southern
states and sent the finished cloth to markets
throughout the nation.
4. Capitalism played a large part in the
development of different industries. People
put up capital, or their own money, for a new
business in the hopes to make a profit, too.
5. With the Growth of industry came free
enterprise. People are open to buy, sell, or
produce anything of their choosing as well as
work wherever they want. Competition, profit,
private property, and economic freedom are all
aspects of a free enterprise.
6. New England had workers to handle the
growth of industry.
• The Industrial Revolution could not have taken
place without the invention of new machines
and new technology or the scientific
discoveries that made them work easier.
1. Britain created machinery and methods
that changed the textile industry with
inventions such as the spinning jenny,
the water frame, and the power loom.
2. Most mills were built near rivers because
the new machinery ran on water-power.
3. In 1785 the first steam engine provided
power for a cotton mill.
Power Loom
Steam Engine
•
In the United States, many new inventions
were created.
1. In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin.
One worker using the machine could clean
cotton as fast as 50 people working by hand.
2. The patent law was passed in 1790 protected
the rights of people who created inventions. A
patent gives the inventor the sole legal right to
the invention and its profits for a certain period
of time.
Eli Whitney
Cotton Gin
New England Factories
• The factory system, or bringing manufacturing
steps together under one roof, began here. This
was an important part of the Industrial
Revolution because it changed the way goods
were made and increased efficiency.
• The Technology of making inter-changeable
parts made it possible to produce many types of
goods in large quantities.
• It also reduced the cost of manufacturing
goods. In 1798 Eli Whitney devised this
method to make 10,000 rifles in two years
for the United states government. He was
able to make huge quantities of identical
pieces that could replace one another
Agriculture expands
• In the 1820’s, more the 65 percent of
Americans were farmers.
• In the Northeast farms were small and
produce was sold locally.
• In the South, cotton production greatly
increased with the development of the
textile industry of New England and
Europe.
Southern Plantation
1. Enslaved workers planted, tended, and
picked the cotton.
2. With the invention of the cotton gin,
cotton could be cleaned faster and
cheaper than by hand, so farmers raised
larger crops.
3. Between 1790 and 1820, cotton
production went from 3000 to 300000
bales a year.
Economic Independence
• To help their businesses grow many merchants,
farmers, and shopkeepers put some of the
money they earned back into their businesses to
try and make larger profits.
• In 1816 Congress established the Second Bank
of the United States. It had the power to
establish a national currency and to make large
loans. It helped strengthen the economic
independence of the nation.
Second Bank
• As a result of the growth of factories cities
and towns began to grow. Many
developed along rivers and streams
because of water-power. Cities like New
York, Boston, and Baltimore became
centers of commerce and trade.
• Cities and towns looked nothing like they
do today. Buildings were wood or brick.
Streets were unpaved. Animals roamed
freely.
1800’s New York
1. Because there were no sewers, the
danger of disease such as cholera and
yellow fever grew.
2. Fires could spread easily and could be
disastrous.
3. Cities offered many types of shops, jobs,
a steady income, and cultural
opportunities.
4. Many people left their farms and moved
to the cities for the city life.
Moving West
• By 1820 the population had doubled
reaching to the about 10 million. Almost 2
million lived west of the Appalachian
Mountains.
• Without a proper road system travel
through the west was difficult. The first
national road was built between Maryland
and Ohio in the mid 1800’s
• Steam boats provided a faster means or
river travel. In 1807 Robert Fulton built
the Clermont, a steamboat with a newly
designed powerful engine.
• The 150 mile trip from New York was
shortened from 4 days to 32 hours.
• Steamboats improved the transportation of
people and goods.
Robert Fulton
Clermont
Canals
• The Erie canal was built by a new York
business and government group. The artificial
water way was used to connect New York city
with the great Lakes region.
• The canal was 363-miles long and took
thousands of workers to build.
• As a result of the success of the Erie Canal, by
1850 the United States had more than 3,600
miles of Canals. These Canals helped unite the
country, tying the East and West together.
Erie Canal
Western Settlement
• After the war of 1812 five new Western
States were admitted into the United
States: Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi,
Alabama and Missouri.
• Most people who settled the west went
with others from their home communities.
Indiana, for example, was settled mostly
by people from Kentucky.