Question to Consider:
What sort of positive and negative
impacts did technology have on your
day yesterday?
Industrialization,
Nationalism, and
Imperialism
Chapters 19-21
I. The Industrial Revolution
•
A rapid shift from an ECONOMY based
on agriculture (farming) to one based on
manufacturing (factories)
Begins in Britain; factors included…
•
the spinning jenny
–
–
–
–
–
Increase in food supply (potato)
Leads to growing population (need jobs)
Entrepreneurs have money to spend
Abundant natural resources (like..?)
Large supply of markets around the world
I. The Industrial Revolution
•
Began in Cotton Industry
– Cottage industry
•
–
Water-powered loom
•
–
More efficient to bring worker to loom
Steam Engine (James Watt)
•
Water-powered cotton mill
Hand-made crafts at home
Non-river factories  growth of cities
I. The Industrial Revolution
•
Railroads
–
Steam-powered locomotive, rails
•
•
•
•
Factories
–
Rows of urban factories
Faster transport = lower-priced goods
New jobs in countryside & city
Raw materials:
Economic growth led to investment
•
•
•
•
More sales led to more production
More machines needed more workers
Constant need created labor shifts
Raw materials:
I. The Industrial Revolution
•
Spread of Industry
–
–
–
Nations wanted to compete with
Britain’s wealth
Spread at different rates across
Europe, U.S.
Aided by pro-industry gov’t policies
•
Public works, infrastructure (?)
I. The Industrial Revolution
•
Social Impact
–
Industry caused major urban growth
•
–
Effects of overcrowding?
Emergence of new social classes
•
Industrial Middle Class
–
•
Owners of machines, markets
Industrial Working Class
–
–
–
Factory workers
Long hours, Low wages, dangerous
conditions (?)
Many women and young children (?)
I. The Industrial Revolution
•
Benefits of Capitalism
–
Based on Enlightenment
ideas of liberty, rationalism
•
–
–
–
—
Gov’t plays no role
Not concerned with equality
•
continues class divisions
•
“rich get richer, poor stay poor”
Competition pits people
against each other
•
“survival of the fittest”
Worker free to choose his or
her work
•
Costs of Capitalism
Private property
Competition encourages
efficiency & productivity
•
•
—
Cooperation not efficient
Laissez-faire does not factor
unemployment
•
i.e. Great Depression
I. The Industrial Revolution
•
Social Impact
–
Birth of Socialism
•
•
Gov’t owns some means of production
Utopian socialists
–
–
•
Karl Marx
Equality of all people
Replace competition w/ cooperation
Later socialists (Karl Marx)
–
–
–
–
Above were impractical dreams
Struggle would lead to revolution
Dictatorship would organize society
Ultimately, classless society emerges
II. Balance of Power in Europe
•
Congress of Vienna
–
Held by Klemens von Metternich
•
–
–
–
After defeat of Napoleon
Goal: maintain stability of monarchy
Split up territory to balance power
•
–
Klemens von Metternich
Austrian Foreign Minister
No monarch could become dominant
Principle of Legitimacy
•
Lawful monarchs would be restored to
power after Napoleon to create peace.
II. Balance of Power in Europe
•
Conservatism
–
Philosophy based on tradition and social
stability
•
•
•
–
Contain the forces of change
Obedience to political authority
Organized religion maintains stability
Principle of Intervention
•
Great powers could send in armies to put
down revolutions
II. Balance of Power in Europe
•
Liberalism
–
–
People should be as free as possible from
governmental restraints
Beliefs
•
•
•
•
–
Protection of civil liberties
Religious toleration
Separation of Church and State
Favor governments with a constitution
No to democracy
•
•
A middle class philosophy
The lower class must be controlled
Question to Consider:
What are some examples of
“American” culture? What are some
characteristics of “American?”
II. Balance of Power in Europe
•
Nationalism
–
People want to unify under a common
culture
•
–
–
–
Institutions, traditions, language, customs
Political loyalty lies only with the nation
Each nationality should have its own govt
Importance
•
•
German nation w/ one government
Hungarians want to be free from Austrian
Empire
II. Balance of Power in Europe
•
Nationalism
–
Importance (cont.)
•
•
Threat to balance of power created by
Congress of Vienna
– Conservatives fear the changes
Liberalism becomes an ally of nationalism
– Each group of people should have its
own state: no one state should
dominate another
II. Balance of Power in Europe
•
Unification
–
Italy
• Northern Italy
–
Kingdom of Piedmont has leadership
»
»
–
King Victor Emmanuel II
Appoints Camillo de Cavor as P.M.
Plays both sides in a war between
France and Austria: ends up with
territory in the north
II. Balance of Power in Europe
•
Unification
–
Italy
• Southern Italy
–
Giuseppe Garibaldi
»
»
»
Raises army of 1,000, called the Red
Shirts
Conquers Sicily, moves into the
mainland
Unifies Southern Italy, gives land to
Piedmont, Italian Unification is
complete under King Victor
Emmanuel II
II. Balance of Power in Europe
•
Unification
–
Germany
• Prussia is the strongest state
–
–
Known for militarism (reliance on
one’s military)
King William I appoints Otto von
Bismarck as P.M.
»
»
»
Tricked France into war w/Prussia;
“Franco-Prussian War”
French surrender, cede territory
William became Kaiser (Caesar) of
Germany
II. Balance of Power in Europe
•
Emergence of the Nation-State
–
What we think of as “country” or “nation”
•
•
–
–
–
–
Common territorial boundary
Common culture, race?
Result of capitalist culture (?)
Most people consider themselves
members of a nation-state
Over 200 today, third less than 30 yrs old
Impact of nation-state on the use of force?
Questions to Consider: Heart of Darkness
What opinion does the author have of the “criminals”
(the indigenous African people)?
How might this novel have effected the public opinion of
Europeans toward their governments’ policies of
imperialism in Africa?
What statement do you think Conrad was trying to
make when he named this novel Heart of Darkness?
III. European Imperialism
•
Imperialism
–
•
The extension of a nation’s power over other
lands.
Causes
–
•
Western, capitalist states wanted new markets
and raw materials
Justifications
–
Social Darwinism
•
–
In struggles between nations, fit will survive
“White Man’s Burden”
•
“Civilize” the “savage” races of world
III. European Imperialism
•
Direct rule vs. indirect rule
– Direct
•
•
–
Local rulers are removed and replaced
by set of officials from ruling country
Ex.: India
Indirect
•
•
Local rulers are left in power and
work for the ruling country
Ex.: Dutch East Indies