6.3-6.4
Art
 Sculptures
 Borrowed from the Greeks
 Very realistic
 Decorated homes, gardens,
& public areas
 Paintings
• In stone
• Used different techniques
• Captured scenes of
everyday life
 Coins
• Similar to American coins
• Images of leaders
 Architecture
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Incredible buildings
Unique designs
Unmatched
Colosseum
Baths of Caracalla
Pantheon
 Engineering
• Used engineering
skills in practical ways
• Roads, bridges,
harbors
• Aqueducts
 Brought fresh water from
hills to Roman cities
 Stone bridge-like
structures
 Plumbing
• Pipes brought water
into homes
• Helped support public
baths
 Borrowed
all information from Greeks
 Rarely did their own research
 Applied info they learned from Greeks
to practical situations
• Geography used to make maps
• Greek astronomer Ptolemy’s study of universe:
accepted theory that earth was center of
universe
• Greek scientist Galen’s study of science:
scientific method used to reach conclusions
 Virgil
• Roman poet
• Wrote epic poem, The Aeneid
• Linked his poem to Homer’s works
• Told story of Aeneas, soldier who escaped Troy to find
Rome
• Taught patriotism and unity
 Ovid
• Another Roman poet
• Linked Greek & Roman culture as well
• Connected Greek gods to Roman gods
 Horace & Juvenal
• Satirists who made fun of Roman culture
• Similar in effect to The Simpsons, Family Guy, South Park
 Roman Historians
• Livy
 Goal: restore pride in Rome
 Recalled Rome’s great past
 Recounted tales of heroes (Horatius & Cincinnatus)
• Tacitus
 Criticized past emperors of Rome
 Claimed leaders such as Augustus destroyed Roman
liberty
 Roman Philosophers
• Borrowed a lot from Greek philosophy
• Accepted ideas of responsibility & acceptance of
one’s fate
• Taught that citizens should care for all people

Let justice be done though the heavens fall!
• Famous Roman saying
• Commitment to rule & law regardless of outcome
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Two Systems
• Civil law: laws that applied to all Roman citizens
• Law of nations: dealt with all non-citizens under Roman
control
• Citizenship eventually granted to all; 2 systems merge to 1
large system
• Became the basis for the American legal system
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Common Principles
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All people equal
Accused people presumed innocent
Accused people allowed trials
Guilt established through evidence
Decisions by fair judge
 Deep
divisions arise
Jewish religion weakened
Reformers called for strict adherence to law
Jewish priests looked to preserve Judaism
Jewish zealots called for violent overthrow of
Roman government
• Some Jews believed a messiah, or savior,
would come to rescue
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 Revolt & Expulsion
• 66 AD: Jews rebelled
against Rome
• Roman forces crushed
rebellion
 Captured Jerusalem
 Destroyed Jewish temple
• Roman armies
destroyed Jerusalem
after further Jewish
rebellions
• Jewish rabbis
preserved religious
law, Talmud
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Christianity rose based on
teachings of a Jew named Jesus
Gospels teach about Jesus’ life
Gained many followers based
on his new messages
The Message
• Promoted Jewish beliefs, new
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teachings
Believed in one Hebrew God
Accepted & taught 10
Commandments
Called himself “Son of God”
Called himself
 Messiah: chosen one sent to fulfill
Hebrew prophecies
 Jesus viewed as a threat
• Jewish priests: message was
competition to Judaism
• Roman leaders: feared Jesus’
growing power
 Arrested
Romans
and Crucified by
• Followers thrown into state of
confusion
• Inspired by Jesus’ message,
spread throughout
Mediterranean to teach Jesus’
message
 Work of Paul
• Persecuted Christians at first
• Had a vision of god and
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converted to Christianity
Spread Jesus’ message
beyond Jewish communities
Paul’s work helped create
Christianity as a world
religion
Paul’s letters to Christian
communities strengthened
faith
Promised that anyone who
followed Jesus would achieve
salvation
 Persecution
• Rome not tolerant of Christians
 Accused of being disloyal
 Refused to worship and honor the Roman emperor
 Emperors
used Christians as
scapegoats
• Sacrificed to lions in Coliseum
• Blamed for social/economic problems
 Many
became martyrs
• People who suffered/died for their beliefs
• Paul: beheaded in Coliseum
 Survival
• Continued to survive
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despite persecution
Poor & oppressed
found comfort in Jesus’
message
Missionaries combined
Christian beliefs with
Greek philosophy
Appealed to many
Practiced secretly in
catacombs underneath
the city of Rome
 Served
as teachers and administrators
 Eventually barred from participation
 Still worked to win converts
 Supported Christian communities
around the world
 Church hierarchy
• Priests: religious leaders of local Churches
• Bishops: religious leaders of regions
• Pope: religious leader of entire Catholic Church
 Divisions & unity
• Many bishops competed for power in Church
• Total authority -Bishop of Rome: the Pope
 Head of Roman Catholic Church
 Christian New Testament
 27 books: Taught about Jesus’ message
 Battled heresies: teachings contrary to the Church’s
teachings
 313
C.E. Constantine
issues Edict of Milan
• Grants freedom of
worship to all Roman
citizens
 Theodosius:
Christianity official
religion of Rome
 Rome’s power fades
as Christian church
gains power