Do now
HOW WOULD YOU
LINK THE PRINTING
PRESS TO THE
REFORMATION? (Take a
guess)
Breakdown of Denominations
Goals for the Reformation
Summarize the factors that encouraged the protestant
reformation.
Analyze martin luther’s role in shaping the
protestant reformation.
Explain the teachings and impact of john calvin.
Describe the new ideas that protestant sects
embraced.
Understand why England formed a new church
Analyze how the catholic church reformed itself.
Explain why many groups faced persecution during
the reformation.
Causes
Social
Political
Economic
Religious
Value
humanism and
secularism,
which leads to
people
questioning the
Church
Powerful monarchs
challenged the
Church as the
supreme power in
Europe
European princes
and kings were
jealous of Church's
wealth
Some Church
leaders had become
worldly and corrupt
Printing press
helped spread
ideas/critics of
the Church
Many leaders view
the Pope as foreign
and challenge his
authority
Merchants and
others resented
paying a tax to the
Church
Many people saw
indulgences as
unacceptable
Early Reformers
John Wycliffe (1324-1384)
– Church should give up
earthly possessions
– People should be able to
interpret and read the Bible
on their own.
– Views were unpopular Removed from teaching
position
Early Reformers Cont…
Jan Hus (1369-1415)
– He wanted Bishops
elected and not
appointed by Pope.
– Preached against
immortality and
worldliness of Catholic
Church
– Excommunicated by
Pope Gregory XII –
burned at the steak
Early Reformers Cont…
Erasmus (1466-1536)
– “Erasmus laid the egg that Luther
hatched.”
– Erasmus remained committed to
reforming the Church from within.
– He also held to Catholic doctrines
such as that of free will.
• Which some Protestant Reformers
rejected in favor of the doctrine of
predestination.
Important Developments that aid the process
to Reformation!
The Printing Press!!!!
– Books are now available to
the masses not just the rich!
(Faster production=cheaper
books)
– People have access to
books whenever they
want them.
Printing Press = 3,600 pages per workday
Hand Printing = 40 pages per workday
• How does this relate to the
Reformation? Explain your
answer?
Causes of the reformation
1) renaissance – emphasis on the secular (non
spiritual) and the individual challenged church
authority.
2) printing press – spread the ideas of the
renaissance
3) rulers resented the popes’ attempt to control
them.
4) northern merchants did not want to pay
church taxes to rome.
Problems within the church
Critics of the church claimed that its leaders were
corrupt.
No respect for priests, monks, and pope
Popes during renaissance – patronized the arts, spent
extravagantly on personal pleasure and fought wars.
Some popes admitted to having several children, many
priests were not well educated, some were marriedgambled-or drank too much.
“if the truth be confessed, the luxury and pomp of our
courts is too great.” –Pope pius II.
What happens to spark the Reformation?
Pope Leo X needs money
to build St. Peter’s
Basilica…so he sells
indulgences!
– Purgatory – work off sins
– Indulgences- were pardons
issued by the pope that
people could buy to reduce
a soul’s time in purgatory
= (People could buy
forgiveness)
Historical Connections
The school attempted to raise
money by selling points to
students
Students who performed poorly
were told they could still earn
high grades by buying points
Students who honored the
academic process or couldn’t
afford to buy points were
troubled by the policy,
believing it was wrong or unfair
The church attempted to
increase its financial holdings
by selling indulgences
Catholics who sinned believed
they could avoid doing good
deeds to make up for their sins
by buying indulgences
Catholics who honored Church
teachings or couldn’t afford to
buy indulgences were troubled
by the practice believing it was
unfair
Language Barriers
Most uneducated people didn’t understand
Latin, but knew the local common language
or “vernacular”.
– Almost all Bibles were written in LATIN
before the Reformation.
It was the job of the church clergy to
translate the Bible to lay people.
Martin Luther
Luther was a German
monk and professor of
theology (religion) at the
University of Wittenberg.
One of the many leaders of
the Protestant
Reformation.
– Luther objected to a
saying attributed to
Johann Tetzel that "As
soon as the coin in the
coffer rings, the soul
from purgatory
springs."
Luther’s 95 Theses
In 1517, the 95 Theses were nailed to a church door.
They were written in Latin. (Like a bulletin board)
– Luther’s intention: NOT TO BREAK WITH
CHURCH, BUT REFORM IT!
– Criticized:
1.Indulgences
2.Power of Pope
3.Wealth of Church
Invited people to come debate him
Some took them off, some made copies
Everyone eventually knew about this (PRINTING
PRESS)
Reformation!
Luther’s actions started the reformation – a movement
of religious reform.
– Resulted in the founding of Christian churches that did not
accept the pope’s authority.
Luther’s main ideas:
– People could win salvation only by faith in god’s gift of
forgiveness. (church taught that faith and “good works” were
needed for salvation.
– All church teachings should be clearly based on the words of
the bible. The pope and church traditions were false authorities.
– All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did not
need priests to interpret the bible for them.
Excommunication
In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated
Luther.
– Excommunication- expelled him from the
church.
– Holy Roman Emperor Charles V passed
measures to suppress Luther’s writings.
– Lutheran princes in Germany issued a
protestatio or protest.
• Hence the term Protestant!
Response to Luther
After the trial, emperor Charles
v issued an imperial order, the
edicts of worms.
– Declared luther an outlaw
and a heretic.
– Nobody was suppose to
give luther food or shelter,
his books were burned.
– The state that luther lived
disobeyed these orders.
Peace of Augsburg
 Charles V tried to persuade German princes to convert
back to the Holy Roman Church
 Several little wars occurred
 In 1555 the treaty, Peace of Augsburg, was signed
stating that a prince had the right to choose what
religion their kingdom would follow
 Why do you think Charles V could not force the
Protestant princes back into the Catholic Church?
 Luther's ideas were too strong
 The abuses in the Catholic Church caused people to
lose faith
Other Reformations
Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland
– Theocracy
• A government in which church and state are joined and in
which officials are considered to be divinely inspired.
• Luther did not support him (Tampering with God)
John Calvin in Switzerland
– Predestination
• God knows who will be saved, even before people are born, and
therefore guides the lives of those destined fore salvation.
John Knox in Scotland
– Laid grounds for Presbyterian Church