•16th Century religious reform movement
•Led to new Christian sects not answerable to
the Pope
•Also known as the
•PROTESTANT REFORMATION
•Renaissance- Humanism led people to
question Church authority
•Political Power shifted to strong Monarchs
•Church Corruption & Extravagance
•German Monk Martin Luther
posts 95 Theses on the door of a church
in Wittenberg
•Protested the sale of indulgences
•The Printing Press helped spread
his ideas throughout Northern
Europe
•Luther is excommunicated by
Pope Leo X
•Emperor Charles V’s Edict of
Worms declares Luther an
outlaw & Heretic
•Believed Pope could not grant a pardon
for sins
•Believed Christians reached heaven only
by faith in God
•Priests did not have special powers
•Established the Lutheran Church in
Germany
•Frenchman lead Protestants in
Geneva ,Switzerland
•Believed ideal govt. was a
THEOCRACY
•Promoted the idea of
PREDESTINATION
•Calvinist led strict, disciplined
& frugal lives
•Calvinism spread to Germany,
France, Scotland & England
Many Protestant sects have roots in Calvinism
•Scottish Preacher brought
Calvin’s teachings to
Scotland
•Knox’s followers were
known as:
•Presbyterians
•Henry the VIII broke with the
Catholic Church because the
Pope refused to annul his
marriage to Catherine of Aragon
•Parliament passes law ending
the Pope’s power over England
•Parliament makes the English
King head of England’s church
Henry VIII marries 6 times
•Following Henry VIII’s death
his 3 children eventually ruled
•Edward VI continued Protestant
reforms
•Mary returned the English
church to the Pope
•Elizabeth I returned kingdom to
Protestantism
•Gave tolerance to Catholics
•Aided Dutch Protestant
Rebellion against Spain;Defeated
Spanish Armada
•Known as the Catholic Reformation
•Purpose was to strengthen Catholic Church
& keep Catholics from converting to
Protestantism
•Pope approves new religious orders such as
the Jesuits
•Pope Paul III Convenes the Bishops at the
Council of Trent redefining the mission of
the church
•Reinforced the Inquisition in Papal
territory
•Religious Unity in Europe was shattered
•Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, & other
Protestant Churches formed
•Lead to anti- Semitism in Europe
•Religious wars break out in Europe for over
100 years
The Peasants War- 1524-1526 (German
States)
Peace of Augsburg ended fighting between
Charles V & German Lutheran Princes
Wars of Religion (1562-1598) French
Huguenots vs. French Catholics ( Edict of
Nantes)
The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) involved
Catholics & Protestants from various European
Countries