HIST 2509
A History of Germany
Lecture 11-1
Nationhood, But National Unity?
Announcement
 Thursday Workshop on Effi Briest (last name
A-L); next Tuesday same (K-Z)
-mini-lecture: Bourgeois Society in Wilhelmine
Germany followed by workshop
-come with notes: one paragraph synopsis of novella - to be handed in for participation credit
Today’s Main Themes
 Reactions to Jewish Emancipation
 So-called Verjüdung of society
 From religious to cultural and finally racial
anti-Semitism in late 19th century -- why?
“We were so German”
“We were so assimilated”
“We were so middle class”
1933: 600,000 population or 1%
Jewish Population by 1933
Assimilation
and conversion
Heinrich Heine
(1797-1896)
More German than the Germans
-examples?
-family, respect for law and order
-reverence for education
-morality and respectability
-in 1930s memoir: quoting Goethe at every meal
Reich Association
of Jewish War Veterans placard 1920
Why Such Outsiders?
-historic isolation -- Judengasse to Judenviertel
-Teutomania and German nationalism
“no fatherland and no interest in ours”
-fear of “mongrelization” of German ways
Why Such Outsiders?
-equation of Jews with liberalism and liberal
ideas -- Hep Hep Riots of 1819 and 1848
revolution
-what does it mean to be German? (religion,
masculinity, family)
Emancipation and its Discontents
With greater assimilation and emancipation - new definitions to mark outsider status
Emergence of racial discourse in late 19th
century
I. Emancipation in Real Terms
a. the Emancipation Edict of April 1871
-full citizenship rights: no more oaths
-no longer need for conversion
-could keep names
-access to free professions
-access to university education
Jewish presence in middle-class
occupations by 1933
I. Emancipation in Real Terms
b. Verjüdung of society? (very bottom)
- ”judeification,” Richard Wagner 1850
I. Emancipation in Real Terms
c. political, social, cultural integration
-Industrial Revolution and changing society
-no longer Schnorrer (sponger)
and Betteljude (beggars)
I. Emancipation in Real Terms
c. political, economic, social, and cultural
integration
-enterprise, banking, commerce: Deutsche Bank
-Georg von Siemens and Ludwig Bamberger
-Gerson von Blankröder
I. Emancipation in Real Terms
c. political, economic, social, and cultural
integration
-publishing: Rudolf Mosse
Berliner Tageblatt
I. Emancipation in Real Terms
c. political, economic, social, and cultural
integration
-business: Albert Ballin’s
Hamburg-Amerika Line
Ballin with
Kaiser Wilhelm II
By 1914, world’s
largest shipping line
I. Emancipation in Real Terms
c. political, economic, social, and cultural
integration
-business: department stores
-Tietz, Wertheim, KaDe,We
-boycotts in 1933
I. Emancipation in Real Terms
d. integration, and then some: more German
than the Germans
-Bildung (education) and Sittlichkeit (morality)
-Siegfried, Hedwig, and Helga
-Juedische Frauenbund (Jewish Women’s
Association)
- “three day Jews”
-synagogues and cemeteries, Weissensee in Berlin
II. Political Anti-Semitism
a.
Adolf Stoecker, Christian Social Workers Party
b. Wilhelm Marr, “The Victory of the Jews” 1879
c.
Heinrich von Treitschke, University of Berlin
d. “Anti-Semites Petition,” 1880
e.
Theodor Mommsen: moderation
III. The Rise of Science