Use this ppt to complete notes pgs 1-4.
Study the information as you go & discuss each slide with each other.
Ask me if you need any explanation or have a question about the info.
Know your
basic parts


Supply the body with Oxygen
Dispose of Carbon dioxide

Respiratory zone:
◦ Actual site of gas
exchange
◦ (some exchange Respiratory
bronchioles, alveolar
ducts) alveoli (major
site)

Conducting zone:
◦ Conduits – purify,
humidify, and warm
incoming air
◦ Include all other
respiratory
passageways





Provide airway for
respiration
Moisten & warm air
Filter air (mucus & cilia)
(breath in thru nose & out
thru mouth)
Site of olfactory (smell)
receptors
Resonating chamber for
sound waves (hold your
nose closed & see how
you sound!)
Mucus traps the
“junk” and the
cilia sweeps it
up toward your
throat so you
can swallow it
or spit it out.
Smoking kills
cilia so
smoker’s
constantly have
to cough to
clear the mucus
out!


The cilia in your nose become sluggish & slow
when they are cold & do not move the mucus
down into your throat
Mucus in the nasal cavity accumulates &
dribbles out

Nasal Conchae
aka.
NasalTurbinates=
increase SA of
mucosa exposed
to air to help warm
& filter it – also
increase
turbulence (mini
tornado effect) of
air – more inhaled
particles swirled
onto mucus and

Nasal cavity
separated from
oral cavity by the
palate (roof of
mouth)
◦ Anterior – hard
palate
◦ Posterior – soft
palate



Lighten skull
Act a resonance chamber
Produce mucus

The Human
Blockhead
Click through the
different pages to see
all the info

Pharynx serves as common passageway for
food (& fluids) and air.
Color code the 3
parts of the pharynx
on the diagram in
your notes
The names give you
location clues!

Nasopharynx – air only
◦ During swallowing, Soft palate & uvula rise
upward to close off nasopharynx which prevents
food & fluids from entering it

Oropharynx & Laryngopharynx – food,
liquids & air
◦ Food will be directed posteriorly to the esophagus
◦ Air will go anteriorly into the larynx





Pharyngeal tonsils: aka. Adenoids – located
in nasopharynx
Palatine tonsils: located in oropharynx
Lingual tonsils: located at base of tongue
All tonsils are lymph nodes & work with
immune system
You will be labeling these on the back page
diagram



Provides patent
(open) airway
Act as a switching
mechanism
(between
respiratory &
digestive systems)
Voice production
(location of vocal
cords)


Know this:
Laryngeal
prominence
on the
thyroid
cartilage
Seen
externally as
Adam’s
apple



9th cartilage
When air is flowing into the larynx – free edge
projects upward
During swallowing:
◦ Larynx is pulled upward
◦ Epiglottis is tipped back and down to cover
laryngeal inlet into trachea
◦ Routes food/fluid into esophagus


Initiated if anything other than air enters
the larynx
Pressure from air moves object upward out
of the larynx
◦ Reflex does not work when unconscious so not a
good idea:
 To give fluids to an unconscious person
 Also a reason why people in an
alcoholic coma often die from
aspirating their own vomit.

The ciliated
mucosa
(mucociliary
escalator)
continuously
propels the
mucus which
contains dust
particles and
debris to the
throat so it can
be expelled or
swallowed.



Diminishes ciliary activity
Coughing is ONLY method of preventing
mucus accumulation in the lungs
Smokers should never be given medications
that INHIBIT the cough reflex.



Trachea is reinforced internally by 16-20 C
shaped rings (Be able to explain – see
diagram on next slide also)
Outer portion of C – causes trachea to stay
patent (open) and not collapse
Inner portion (open part) of C – allow trachea
to be flexible and gives esophagus a place to
expand into upon swallowing.
 Heimlich
manuver is
the same
principle as a
cough
 Used to press
air out of
lungs in case
someone
cannot inhale
to initiate a
cough


-ostomy = cut a hole into
Used in cases of:
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Abnormalities
Cancers
Obstructions
Injuries to area
Etc.


Trachea divides into right and left primary
bronchi at the level of the sternal angle
(where manubrium and body of sternum
meet).
Inhaled objects usually lodge in the right
primary bronchus since it is wider, shorter,
and at a more vertical angle



Left lung is smaller, consisting of 2 lobes and
contains a cardiac notch
Right lung has 3 lobes
FYI: Bronchopulmonary segments
◦ Served by own artery, vein, and individual
segmental bronchus
◦ Left lung has 8 segments while right lung has 10.

Respiratory therapists and surgeons use this
info about the different bronchopulmonary
segments so they can treat the patient as
needed
◦ Even to the point of removing the diseased segment
and leaving the good tissue
 The
lungs weigh
approximately 2.5 pounds


Parietal vs. visceral
Function of pleural fluid
◦ Lubricate layers so they can slide across each other
◦ Cause them to cling tightly to each other through
surface tension (helps maintain pressure
differences necessary for inhaling/exhaling)

Begins as the
terminal
bronchioles which
feed into the
respiratory
bronchioles which
end in the alveoli
chambers where
gas exchange
(external
respiration) takes
place.



Composed of simple squamous – much
thinner than a sheet of paper
Membrane has gas on one side and blood on
the other.
Account for the largest portion of lung
volume and provide a tremendous surface
area for gas exchange



Gas exchanges occur through simple
diffusion
Approximate surface area = 50-70 square
meters (40x greater than skin SA)
A moist membrane is required so the TYPE
II cuboidal cells secrete a substance called
surfactant that coats the membrane &
interferes with surface tension.

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Use the lab book or the text book or the
internet to label the head diagram
Label only the ones that have a dot on the
end.
Be very specific about the structures.
May check with me when done.
Remember – it includes the diagrams!!