• ACS: Cisco’s AAA server
• A centralized access control solution
• Supports both RADIUS and TACACS+
• Supports Cisco’s Network Access Control
(NAC, aka Network Admission Control)

• Source: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/net_mgmt/cisco_secure_access_cont rol_server_for_windows/4.0/user/guide/nac.html
• AAA clients: aka NAD (network access devices), NAS (network access servers)
• Posture validation/assessment : whether a host complies to security policies (e.g., antivirus s/w version & patches)
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• Extensive support for common authentication protocols for end users/devices:
Passwords
PAP
CHAP
ARAP
MS-CHAP
LEAP
EAP-MD5
EAP-TLS
PEAP
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• A shared profile is a set of authorization components that may be applied to one or more users or groups of users, and referenced by name within their profiles.
• Benefits: scalability (by avoiding repetitions in configuring long lists of devices for commands and other authorization parameters)
• e.g.,
– Downloadable IP ACLs
– Network access filters (NAF)
– RADIUS authorization components (RAC)
– Shell command authorization sets
– …
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• A predefined and named set of ACL definitions
(aka ACL contents ) that c an be associated to each applicable user or group of users by referencing its name
• No need to repetitively define the same ACLs for each of the users and groups of users
• RADIUS authentication is required for this feature to work with a client.
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Downloadable IP ACLs operate this way
• Source: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/net_mgmt/cisco_secure_access_ control_server_for_windows/4.0/user/guide/c.html#wp696775
1. When ACS grants a user access to the network, ACS determines whether a downloadable IP ACL is assigned to that user or the user's group.
2. If ACS locates a downloadable IP ACL that is assigned to the user or the user's group, it determines whether an ACL content entry is associated with the AAA client that sent the RADIUS authentication request.
3. ACS sends, as part of the user session, RADIUS access-accept packet an attribute specifying the named ACL and the version of the named ACL.
4. If the AAA client responds that it does not have the current version of the ACL in its cache (that is, the ACL is new or has changed),
ACS sends the ACL (new or updated) to the device.
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Source: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/net_mgmt/cisco_secure_access_control_server_for_wi ndows/4.0/user/guide/c.html#wp696560
• a named group of any combination of one or more of the following network elements: IP addresses, AAA clients
(network devices), Network device groups (NDGs)
• You can add a NAF that contains any combination of
NDG, network devices (AAA clients), or IP addresses.
• Benefits:
– Defining a NAF saves you the effort of listing each AAA client explicitly.
– Network devices (e.g., all NAC-L3-IP devices or all NAC-L2-IP devices) can be included in a single NAF for easy reference and application of authentication functions.
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• Bahiji
– p.294: “Before NAF, per-device access restriction was not an option. … With NAF, granular application of access restrictions and downloadable ACLs is now possible, …”
– p.293: “NAF regulates the access control on the basis of a AAA client’s IP address. Hence, ACLs can be uniquely tailored on a per-user, perdevice basis.”
• Q: Do you agree with the author that per-device access restriction is the primary benefit of using
NAF?
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• Goal of NAC: A self-defending network
(meaning?)
• In addition to verifying the user identity , the NAS also validates the user computer’s posture .
• Two implementation options:
1. Cisco NAC Appliance Solution (Cisco package)
2. Cisco NAC Framework (with 3 rd party products)
• More later …
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• Two or more factor authentication is desirable
(and more secure).
• ACS supports two-factor authentication:
– ASCII
– Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)
– Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol (PEAP)
– Extensible Authentication Protocol Generic Token
Card (EAP-GTC), using token servers
– ?
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• Static passwords are used over a period of time
– Subject to brute force attacks and dictionary attacks
– Eavesdropping attack
– Replayed passwords
Q: Would encryption help?
• Solution: Continually change the passwords 
One-time passwords (OTP)
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• A different password is sent to the authentication server each time a user is authenticated.
• A password is used one time only.
 A replayed password is useless.
• Three mechanisms:
1.Math algorithm
Initial seed + hash(previous password)  next password
2.Challenge/Response
Prerequisite?
3.Time-synchronized
Prerequisite?
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• What the user knows
• What the user has
– Smart cards, tokens (h/w or s/w)
• What the user is
– Biometric features
• Where the user is
– GPS based authentication
• Combination of the above factors
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• A h/w or s/w token
• Each token has a built-in random key (the seed )
• time-synchronized OTP
Q: What are the two factors?
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• ACS supports two types of token servers:
1. RADIUS token server
• A token server with RADIUS i/f
• ACS communicates with the token server using the RADIUS i/f.
1. Non-RADIUS token server
• RSA SecureID token servers do not support the RADIUS protocol.
• ACS uses RSA’s client s/w to communicate with the RSA token server.
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• http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/secursw/ps4911/products_user_guide_chap ter09186a00803deae1.html#wp1015122
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• Cisco Secure ACS software supports authentication from these authentication servers:
– CRYPTOCard
– SecurID ACE/Server
– SafeWord from Secure Computing
• For each token server you plan to support, make sure you have properly installed the corresponding software before installing the
Cisco Secure ACS.
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