Respiratory System Cornell Notes
How does
air get
into the
lungs?
• Your respiratory system is
made of two lungs and a
series of tubes
• Inside the lungs, at the
end of the tubes are
alveoli
(pr: Al-vee-o-lee)
Destination: Alveoli
1. Nose or mouth
2. Pharynx
3. Larynx (vocal
chords/Adam’s
apple)
4. Trachea
5. Bronchus
(bronchi)
6. Bronchioles
7. Alveoli
What are
alveoli?
• Alveoli are the location
of external respiration.
– Respiration means
exchanging gases
• Alveoli are surrounded
by tiny blood vessels
called capillaries.
What is
external
respiration?
1. Carbon dioxide
leaves the blood
and goes into
alveoli to be
exhaled.
2. Oxygen enters the
blood when
inhaling.
What is
cellular
respiration?
• Cellular respiration is
what cells do to make
ATP.
• Materials needed:
Oxygen and glucose
• Materials produced:
ATP, carbon dioxide, and
water
How is
breathing
possible?
• You use your diaphragm
and intercostals (muscles
between your ribs) to
breathe.
– Exhale: breathing out
– Inhale: breathing in
• When you exhale,
diaphragm moves up and
curves toward your head.
• When you inhale,
diaphragm contracts in
order to be a flat shape.
Circulatory System Cornell Notes
What color
is blood?
• Blood can be different
shades of red.
– Red blood cells
• It is never blue.
– In textbooks, blue
means “high in carbon
dioxide, low in oxygen”
– Red means “high in
oxygen, low in carbon
dioxide”
What is
blood made
of?
• Red blood cells contain
hemoglobin which carries
oxygen (and sometimes
carbon dioxide).
• White blood cells can
destroy many bacteria by
engulfing them.
• Platelets are sticky fibers
that help close wounds.
• Plasma is the liquid
everything else is carried
in.
What is the
purpose of
blood?
• Like a highway for the body
• Carries carbon dioxide from
cells for external respiration
• Carries oxygen to cells for
cellular respiration
• Carries glucose to cells
• Carries hormones—
chemicals we will
discuss later— to
different parts of the
body
• Arteries are usually high in
How are
arteries and oxygen because they carry
blood away from the heart
veins
– Exception: pulmonary
different?
arteries
• Veins are usually high in
carbon dioxide because
they carry blood toward
the heart
– Exception: pulmonary veins
How does
blood travel
through the
heart?
• Simple mnemonic
device:
– Ray’s R.V. went from L.A.
to L.V.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Venae Cavae
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Aorta
Why does
blood only
move in one
direction
through the
heart?
• A system of valves
keeps blood flowing
in the correct
direction.
• When blood leaves
an atrium, a valve
closes like a gate, so
blood cannot move
backwards.
Nervous System Cornell Notes
What is the
nervous
system
made of?
• The brain, spinal cord,
and nerves.
• Nerves are bundles of
neurons.
– A neuron is a long cell.
What are
the parts of
a neuron?
• Cell body which
contains a nucleus
(eukaryote cell)
• Many Dendrites
receive electrochemical
signals called impulses
• Axon carries an
impulse away from the
cell body
• Axon endings contain
neurotransmitter
• Myelin sheath keeps
the impulse from
leaving the cell’s
membrane; keeps it
moving in the
direction toward the
axon endings.
What is an
impulse?
• An impulse is a
signal started by
neurotransmitters
–It is like a chain
reaction.
How does 1. Dendrite 3. Axon
an impulse 2. Cell body 4. Axon
endings
travel
through a
neuron?
How is an
impulse sent
to another
neuron?
• When the impulse
reaches the axon
endings:
1. Neurotransmitter is
released into
synapse
• Synapse: space between
neurons
2. Neurotransmitter
lands on receptors of
nearby dendrites.
How do
neurons
create
sensations?
1. Sensory neurons in
eyes/ears/nose/mouth/
skin receive an impulse.
2. The impulse is sent to
Interneurons in the
Central Nervous System
(CNS).
–The CNS is made of
the brain and spinal
cord.
How do
neurons
move our
muscles?
1. Interneurons in our CNS
receive an impulse.
2. The impulse is sent to
motor neurons in the
Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS).
– The PNS includes all the
nerves that carry
messages to/from the
CNS
3. The impulse is sent to a
muscle cell (effector).
Which
neurons are
used during
thinking?
Choose one of the
following:
a) Sensory neurons
b) Interneurons
c) Motor neurons
The correct answer is b.
What are the
parts of the
PNS?
• The Somatic Nervous
System sends impulses to
and from skeletal muscles
(neck, arms, fingers, legs,
etc.)
• The Autonomic Nervous
System sends impulses to
and from your internal
organs (heart,
diaphragm, liver, kidneys,
etc.)
Which
neurons
are used
during a
reflex?
1) a sensory neuron
– OUCH! You touch a cactus
needle.
2) A spinal cord
interneuron
— NOT a brain interneuron,
because you don’t think about
what to do next
3) a motor neuron
– You move your hand away
quickly.
2.6 Paragraph
The urinary system
contains kidneys, which
are made of nephrons.
Humans have two
kidneys. Their job is to
filter blood. Each kidney
is made of about one
million nephrons. A
nephron can filter out
waste and make sure
body fluids are balanced.
This describes the role of
kidneys and their basic
units, nephrons.
4.10 Paragraph
In my study of abused
drugs, I learned about
stimulants, depressants,
narcotics, and hallucinogens.
Stimulants increase the
activity of the Central
Nervous System and the
sympathetic .…