2 February
Chapter 34
Reproduction and Development
Review the following pages: 788 through 792.
Know the male and female reproductive parts
You do not have to memorize the menstruation cycle.
Vocabulary:
Fertilization –
Zygote –
Implantation (pg. 798) –
Embryo –
Fetus –
Placenta –
Trimester –
Study Guide Questions
Page 339 – questions 1 – 5
Page 340 – questions 6 – 8
Page 343 – questions 1 – 3
Page 344 – questions 4 – 8
Page 346 – questions 7 – 15
3 February
Continue working on these pages and definitions.
Vocabulary:
Fertilization –
Zygote –
Implantation –
Embryo –
Fetus –
Placenta –
Trimester –
Study Guide Questions
Page 339 – questions 1 – 5
Page 340 – questions 6 – 8
Page 343 – questions 1 – 3
Page 344 – questions 4 – 8
Page 346 – questions 7 – 15
The male reproductive system produces sperm.
 There are two main functions of the male reproductive system.
 produce sperm cells
 deliver sperm to the female reproductive system
urinary bladder
seminal vesicle
vas deferens
rectum
penis
prostate
epididymis
urethra
scrotum
testis
The female reproductive system produces
ova.
 There are two main functions of the female reproductive
system.
 produce ova, or egg cells
 provide a place where a zygote develops
fallopian
tube
ovary
urinary bladder
uterus
cervix
rectum
vagina
uterus
fallopian
tube
5 to 7 days to uterus
follicle
egg cell
ovary
egg released
corpus luteum
uterine wall
The fertilized egg implants into the uterus and is
nourished by the placenta and umbilical cord.
• The zygote becomes a blastocyst and implants in the
uterus.
blastocyst
blastocyst
uterine wall
Implantation of
blastocyst
 The blastocyst becomes an embryo.
• Embryonic membranes protect
and nourish the embryo.
– amniotic sac cushions
embryo; protects from
sudden temperature
changes.
placenta
– placenta connects mother
and embryo; allows
exchange of gases,
nutrients, and wastes.
umbilical cord
uterus
amniotic sac
– umbilical cord connects
embryo to placenta; 2
arteries and 1 vein allow
exchange of gases,
nutrients, and wastes.
4 February
In your notebook, write down why knowing a person’s blood pressure is
important.
1. What factors can effect a person’s blood pressure?
2. How is blood pressure measured?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gmic13mvsgo
Systolic Diastolic
Teenagers
112-128
66-80
Adult (18+)
120
80
Systolic
The top number, which is also the higher of the two numbers, measures
the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats (when the heart muscle
contracts).
Diastolic
The bottom number, which is also the lower of the two numbers,
measures the pressure in the arteries between heartbeats (when the
heart muscle is resting between beats and refilling with blood).
You will work in groups of 2:
Here are the partners:
1 – 21, 2 – 15, 3 – 20, 4 – 27, 5 – 24, 6 – 22, 7 – 18, 8- 12, 9 – 25,
10 – 23, 11 – 19, 13 – 30, 14 – 29, 16 – 28, 17 – 26
You are to take turns taking each others blood pressure.
3) Record the data in the table below and who your partner was.
4) Then sketch a bar graph from the data.
Everyone will turn in their own paper today for a grade.
Trial No.
Student 1
Systole
(mmHg)
Diastole
(mmHg)
Pulse
Rate
1
2
3
Chart Title
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
118
116
114
112
110
108
106
Jennifer
systole
averages
Trial No.
Student 2
1
2
3
averages
Systole
(mmHg)
Rob
diastole
pulse
Diastole
(mmHg)
Pulse
Rate
5 February
Chapter 30
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
Vocabulary:
Define these words:
Systolic pressure
Diastolic pressure
Blood pressure
Study Guide Questions
Page 301 – questions 1 – 5
Page 302 – questions 6 – 7
Page 305 – questions 1 – 4
Page 307 – all questions
Things that effect your blood pressure
Blood pressure is the measure of the force of blood pushing against blood vessel walls.
The heart pumps blood into the arteries (blood vessels), which carry the blood
throughout the body. High blood pressure, also called hypertension, is dangerous
because it makes the heart work harder to pump blood to the body and contributes to
hardening of the arteries, or atherosclerosis, and to the development of heart failure.
What Causes High Blood Pressure?
The exact causes of high blood pressure are not known, but many factors and
conditions may play a role in its development, including:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Smoking
Being overweight or obese
Lack of physical activity
Too much salt in the diet
Too much alcohol consumption (more than 1 to 2 drinks per day)
Stress
Older age
Genetics
Family history of high blood pressure
Chronic kidney disease/Adrenal and thyroid disorders
Cardiovascular system
(know the four chambers of the heart – how
does our blood move through the heart?)
- Draw the heart, label the 4 chambers, and
label the direction of blood flow.
!! Know the parts and function of the heart !!
• The heart has four chambers: two atria, two ventricles.
• Valves in each chamber prevent backflow of blood.
left atrium
right atrium
left ventricle
right ventricle
• The heart is a muscle. It squeeze the chambers in a
powerful pumping action to push blood throughout the body.
What Is "Normal" Blood Pressure?
A blood pressure reading has a top number (systolic) and bottom number
(diastolic). The ranges are:
Normal: Less than 120 over 80 (120/80)
Prehypertension: 120-139 over 80-89
Stage 1 high blood pressure: 140-159 over 90-99
Stage 2 high blood pressure: 160 and above over 100 and above
High blood pressure in people over age 60: 150 and above over 90 and above
People whose blood pressure is above the normal range should consult their
doctor about steps to take to lower it.
!! Understand what causes high blood pressure
and how it is measured !!
• Blood pressure is a measure of the force of
blood pushing against artery walls.
– systolic pressure:
left ventricle
contracts
– diastolic pressure:
left ventricle
relaxes
• High blood pressure can precede a heart attack or stroke.
• Circulatory diseases affect mainly the heart
and the arteries.
– artery walls become thick and inflexible
– plaque blocks blood flow in arteries
8 February
As pertaining to the development of a human, place these stages in the
proper order and where it takes place. These words represent stages of development.
Developmental Stages:
blastocyst – Gastrulation – zygote – fertilization – morula– implantation
Location of development:
fallopian tubes or uterus
Order from first to last: Location:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Fertilization
Zygote
Morula
Blastocyst
Implantation
Gastrulation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Fallopian tubes
Fallopian tubes
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Uterus
Uterus
Stages of human development
First Trimester
(90 days)
Second Trimester
(180 days)
Development of major Organs start
organs begin to form
functioning.
along with limbs, spinal
cord, and bones.
Fetal movement
Hearing and sight
begin, basic
breathing & sleep
patterns develop.
Third Trimester
(270 days)
Fetus grows, fat
storage, neural
connections, lungs
mature.
The respiratory and circulatory systems work
together to maintain homeostasis.
• The circulatory system transports blood
and other materials.
– brings supplies to cells
– carries away wastes
– separates oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood
• The respiratory system is where gas exchange
occurs.
– picks up oxygen from inhaled air
– expels carbon dioxide and water
sinus
nose
mouth
epiglottis
trachea
lungs
The respiratory system moves gases into and
out of the blood.
• The lungs contain the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
• Millions of alveoli give the lungs a huge surface area.
• The alveoli absorb oxygen from the air you inhale.
alveoli
bronchiole
Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.
• Oxygen and carbon dioxide are carried by the
blood to and from the alveoli.
– oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillary
– oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells
– carbon dioxide difuses from capillary into alveoli
GAS EXCHANGES
ALVEOLI
capillary
alveolus
co2
Co2 diffuses
into alveolus.
o2
capillaries
O2 diffuses
into blood.
Air inhaled.
Air exhaled.
Muscles and
rib cage relax.
Muscles contract and
rib cage expands.
Diaphragm flattens
and moves downward.
Diaphragm relaxes
and rises.
http://www.thevisualmd.com/health_centers/cardiovascular_health/cardio
vascular_continuum%20
9 February
Chapter 29 Vocab
Define the following terms:
Nervous system –
Brain stem –
Cerebrum –
Cerebellum –
Corpus callosum –
Thalamus –
Hypothalamus –
Pituitary gland –
Hippocampus –
Study Guide:
Page 296 - #s 3 & 4
Feed your brain, eat things with
omega-3 & omega-6 fatty acids
(Lobe)
Three parts to the Brain stem are
called:
Four parts of the Cerebral cortex
are called:
Thalmus and Hypothalmus cannot
be seen in this line drawing
(Lobe)
(Lobe)
(Lobe)
Parietal lobe
Corpus Callosum
Frontal lobe
Hippocampus
Occipital lobe
Pituitary gland
Midbrain
Temporal lobe
Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord
Myelin, the protective sheath that covers
communicating neurons, is composed of 30% protein
and 70% fat. One of the most common fatty acids in
myelin is oleic acid, which is also the most abundant
fatty acid in human milk and in our diet.
Monosaturated oleic acid is the main component of
olive oil as well as the oils from almonds, pecans,
macadamias, peanuts, and avocados.
Joseph R. Hibbeln, M.D., and Norman Salem, Jr.,
Ph.D., concluded in 1995 that the "relative deficiencies
in essential fatty acids may also intensify vulnerability
to depression."
http://www.brainfacts.org/sensing-thinking-behaving/learning-andmemory/articles/2011/synaptic-plasticity/
% brain of total body weight (150 pound human) = 2%
Average brain width = 140 mm
Average brain length = 167 mm
Average brain height = 93 mm
Average number of neurons in the brain = 86 billion
Number of neurons in octopus brain = 300 million (from How Animals See, S. Sinclair,
1985)
Number of neurons in honey bee brain = 950,000 (from Menzel, R. and Giurfa, M.,
Cognitive architecture of a mini-brain: the honeybee, Trd. Cog. Sci., 5:62-71, 2001.)
The brain is the center of the human nervous system, controlling our thoughts,
movements, memories and decisions.
With evolution, the human brain has become more and more complicated, many of its
interesting properties are still not well understood by scientists.
Most strokes result from a blood clot in the brain that blocks the local blood supply, this
causes the damage or destruction of nearby brain tissue and a wide range of stroke
symptoms.
The Brain
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMKc8nfPATI&list=TL4F-kfWX7_OsbaRx0PI9b4tjVYKltvj
11 February
Please define:
Dendrite –
Axon –
Cell body of a nerve – the main body of a nerve cell, where the nucleus occurs.
Terminal axons – the end of the axon where it almost (but not quite) touches the
dendrite of the next nerve.
Synapse –
Neurotransmitter –
Study Guide:
Page 289 - #s 1 & 2
Page 290 – Main Idea
&3-6
Meninges - three membranous envelopes that surround the brain and spinal cord
The brain stem has
three parts.
pons
medulla
oblongata
– midbrain controls some
reflexes
– pons regulates breathing
– medulla oblongata controls
heart function, swallowing,
coughing
midbrain
The nervous and endocrine systems have different
methods and rates of communication.
 The nervous system works
 quickly, using chemical and
 electrical signals.
spinal
chord
– interconnected network of cells
– signals move through cells
nerves
– divided into central nervous system (CNS) and
– peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Know the basic function of these two systems
The nervous system (in yellow) controls
thoughts, movement, and emotion.
The endocrine system (in red) controls
growth, development, and digestion.
The nervous system
 You do not have to
know these
structures, only
the basic function
of the nervous
system.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TE-Nervous_system_diagram.svg
 You do not have to know these structures, only the basic
function of the endocrine system.
Neurons are highly specialized cells.
 A neuron has three parts.
 cell body has nucleus and organelles
1
Cell body
Neurons are highly specialized cells.
 A neuron has three parts.
 cell body has nucleus and organelles
– dendrites receive impulses
2 dendrites
Neurons are highly specialized cells.
 A neuron has three parts.
 cell body has nucleus and organelles
– dendrites receive impulses
– axon carries impulses
3 axon
 Neurons have other structures to transmit signals.
– synapse
synapse
Terminal
axons
 An action potential is a moving electrical impulse.
– It is generated by a stimulus.
– Na+ enters, and cell becomes
positively charged.
– K+ leaves, and area of positive
charge moves.
area of detail
Terminal
axons
 A chemical signal passes between neurons.
– Impulse reaches terminal.
impulse
 A chemical signal passes between neurons.
– Impulse reaches terminal.
impulse
 A chemical signal passes between neurons.
– Impulse reaches terminal.
– Neurotransmitters released into synapse.
 A chemical signal passes between neurons.
– Impulse reaches terminal.
– Neurotransmitters released into synapse.
– Neurotransmitters stimulate next cell.
synapse
impulse
vesicles
neurotransmitter
receptor
Terminal
axons
cell body
axon
dendrites
You will have to understand how neurological
signals are propagated down the length of the
nerve, to reach the next nerve.
- Draw the nerve and label the Dendrites, cell
body, axon, and terminal axons.