How Do We Use Case Studies and Promote Team Learning to Engage Students Highlights from the Case Studies Science Workshop, May 2010 National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science University of Buffalo Ji-Eun Choi March 28, 2011 Outline of presentation What is a case study? Effectiveness of case study Different types of case study Sample case study What is team-learning? Sample team-learning activity Summary of case study and team-learning Overall discussion What is a case study? Replication of a real experience with problems to generate discussion General structure of teaching a case study: Instructor provides background information and data relevant to the case study (e.g., lecture notes, reading material or other resources) Provide a series of questions Students utilize resources to answer questions and prepare for in-class discussion. During discussion, students explain their answers and instructors can reemphasize subject material. Johnson, Atwood Publishing, 1995 Student learning from a case study Learning by doing Development of analytical and decision-making skills Promotes learning beyond rote memorization Internalization of learning Development of oral communication skills “Spices up” the semester Herreid, JCST, 1994a; Cliff and Curtain, JCST, 2000 Dreaded student expressions Disadvantages of the case method Limits information coverage Instructors need to develop techniques to manage discussion Requires more preparation time from the instructors Time to adjust to case study learning by students Herreid, JCST, 1994a Case study as an effective teaching method Cliff and Wright (1996) reported that students in an anatomy and physiology course said the use of cases made it easier to learn the subject (74%) and deepened their understanding (70%). Attendance in a general biology course based on team learning and case study was 95-100% compared to 6785% in a biology course based on lectures (Herreid, unpublished). Case study as an effective teaching method Small groups demonstrated greater academic achievement and more favorable attitudes toward learning in SMET courses (Springer et al, 1999). Dinan and Frydrychowski (1995) reported that using team learning in an organic chemistry class covered more material and their students received higher scores in a national exam compared to the lecture method. Types of Case Study Directed cases Review of course content in a setting of a story Questions have closed-ended answers. Analysis (issues) cases Students will analyze the situation or the proposed scenario. What are the facts? What happened? What were the events? How might the events have unfolded differently? Dilemma (decision) cases A decision has to be made by the student regarding the proposed scenario. Students will decide on an action with knowledge of the consequences and the risks/benefits. Directed case method The direct case study enhances student’s understanding of essential concepts of a course and encourages critical thinking. Structure of the directed case method: Set predetermined learning objectives Create a scenario of a real circumstance using various resources (e.g., newspaper articles, textbooks, actual or fictional events) that requires application of course knowledge Provide a list of questions Can be distributed at the beginning of a lecture series or at the end Students complete the analysis outside of class independently or in groups Submit case study answers prior to in-class review of the case Cliff and Curtin, JCST, 2000 Analysis case study The analysis case study focuses on the development of analytical skills and understanding of a particular problem. One structure of analysis case study: Use journal articles as the basis of a case Provide the introduction and table/figure sections (and series of questions if more guidance is needed) to the students Students analyze the tables and figures Group or class discussion of student analysis Herreid, JCST, 1994b Provide the introduction section (not abstract) to students. Supplemental information or references can be provided. Provide tables and figures of the journal article. Possible Guided Questions: What information does each figure convey? How do you think the data were obtained? Write an abstract for this paper. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, NEJM, 2002 Dilemma case study The dilemma case study promotes the development of higher-order reasoning skills, understanding of a particular problem and sense of urgency or importance of the problem. Structure of a dilemma case study: Good for controversial subjects Provide a story that introduces a problem and a central character who has to grapple with the problem. Lay the foundation for a possible solution to the problem. Students decide an action with consideration of the consequences. Instructor or students summarize the lessons learned. Herreid, JCST, 1994a Key points in teaching a case Establish a clear set of learning objectives for the case study. Provide leadership during discussions: raise key questions to help students refocus, if students are off track. Encourage and guide, but refrain from actively participating. Johnson, Atwood Publishing, 1995 Sample case study The following case study was implemented in CRS 101 for incoming students interested in science. Learning objectives: Demonstrate the scientific method in action. Understand the process of experimental design. Understand a relationship between music and exercise. First, background information was provided regarding scientific inquiry and then the case study was handed out to the students. Scientific Inquiry “the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanation based on the evidence derived from their work. Scientific inquiry also refers to the activities through which students develop knowledge and understanding of scientific ideas, as well as an understanding of how scientists study the natural world.” National Science Education Standards Scientific Method Make an observation Ask a question Research background information Formulate a hypothesis Design and conduct an experiment Analyze your results Draw conclusions Confirm or reject hypothesis “Phys Ed: Does Music Make You Exercise Harder?” Sample class discussion format Each group should share their answers to the whole class. As different answers are discussed, write the group answers on the whiteboard/smartboard/flipchart. Writing on the board is a way to confirm that students’ views have value. A point written on the board can be used to promote further research on the topic for an assignment or future in-class discussion. An “answer” can be revealed or not. Different formats of case study Discussion format Debate format Public hearing format Symposium – role playing Trial format Problem-based learning format Team-learning format Herreid, JCST, 1994a Team-learning With group goals, if students value the success of group, then they will encourage and help others to achieve the same goals (Springer et al., 1994). Provides immediate feedback and one-to-one tutoring (Michaelsen et al., 1984) Improves communication skills, problem-solving abilities and teamwork capabilities Introduces students to real-world experiences (e.g., working with others in a future job) Creating groups Students are more likely to have positive experiences in classes where groups are formed by the instructor. Four to seven member groups do well. Smaller groups lack resources Larger groups have difficulty maintaining cohesiveness. Once formed, do not change the members within groups. Feichtner, JME, 1984 Group assignments Portion of the individual’s grade is awarded based on group work and peer evaluations. Provide feedback to individual students throughout the semester to discuss individual roles within the groups. Implement various assignments: case studies quizzes presentations projects Feichtner, JME, 1984 Individual/Group quizzes Group members will be quizzed on case study preparation, lecture material, reading or other assignments. First, each student completes the quiz individually. Afterwards, the same quiz is completed as a group. Quizzes are graded during class time and the groups have the opportunity to discuss their answers and submit “appeals.” Grades are awarded based on the predetermined contribution of the individual and group score (e.g., individual score=70% of quiz grade and group score=30% of quiz grade). Michaelsen et al., JME, 1984 Sample lecture and group quiz A similar method to the following was used to teach in-class note- taking skills to incoming freshmen in CRS 101. The following method can be used to promote learning from lecture or from various assignments. Learning objectives for the sample lecture: Describe the functions of the systemic and pulmonary circulations. Identify the internal anatomical structures of the heart. List the structures in the order that blood flows through the heart. Be able to apply normal anatomy and physiology of the heart to heart failure. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. CO2 O2 Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations Pulmonary circuit O2-rich, CO2-poor blood O2-poor, CO2-rich blood Systemic circuit CO2 O2 Saladin, McGraw-Hill Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Aortic arch Ascending aorta Superior vena cava Left pulmonary artery Branches of the right pulmonary artery Pulmonary trunk Left pulmonary veins Right pulmonary veins Left auricle Right auricle Right atrium Right ventricle Inferior vena cava Left ventricle (a) Anterior view Saladin, McGraw-Hill Apex of heart Internal Anatomy of Heart Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Aorta Right pulmonary artery Superior vena cava Right pulmonary veins Left pulmonary artery Pulmonary trunk Left pulmonary veins Left atrium Right atrium Right AV valve Right ventricle Inferior vena cava Left AV valve Left ventricle Saladin, McGraw-Hill Reflection of group quiz experience for the instructors Did you pay attention to the lecture more because you knew a quiz would follow the lecture? Did you pay attention more because it would be a group quiz? Did a group member catch something in the lecture that you did not? Did you learn from your group members? In summary Team-learning or learning from others is associated with the greatest retention rates. Team-learning assignments include case studies and individual/group quizzes, in addition to the more common group projects and presentations. There are different types of case study: directed, analysis and dilemma. Case studies can be created based off of newspaper articles, journal articles, real or fictitious events that relate to course content. Case studies may be an effective tool to engage students who learn best by application and association. More importantly, case studies may promote students to be better learners. References Cliff, W.H. and Curtin, L.N. (2000). The directed case method: Teaching concept and process in a content-rich course. Journal of College Science Teaching, 30(1):64-66. Cliff, W.H. and Wright, A.W. (1996). Directed case study method for teaching human anatomy and physiology. Advances in Physiology Education, 15:S19-S28. Dinan, F.J. and Frydrychowski, V.A. (1995). A team learning method for organic chemistry. Journal of Chemical Education, 72(5):429 Feichtner, S.B. and Davis, E.A. (1984). Why some groups fail: A survey of students’ experiences with learning groups. Journal of Management Education, 9(4):58-73. Herreid, C.F. (1994a). Case studies in science – A novel method of science education. Journal of College Science Teaching, 23(4): 221-229. Herreid, C.F. (1994b). Journal articles as case studies: The New England Journal of Medicine on breast cancer. Journal of College Science Teaching, 23(6): 349-355. Johnson, G.R. (1995). First steps to excellence in college teaching. Madison, WI: Atwood Publishing. Michaelsen, L.K., Watson, W.E., and Schrader, C.B. (1984). Informative testing – A practical approach for tutoring with groups. Journal of Management Education, 9(4): 18-33. Springer, L., Stanne, M.E and Donovan, S.S. (1999). Effects of small-group learning on undergraduates in science, mathematics, engineering and technology: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 69(1): 21-51.