World History:
The Earth and its Peoples
Chapter 15
The Maritime Revolution,
to 1550
Mr. Barchetto
Objectives
• Be able to compare the routes, motives, and sailing
technologies of the people who undertook global
maritime expansion before 1450 to the routes, motives,
and sailing technologies of the Portuguese and Spanish
explorers of 1400-1550 (Notes #1 & #2)
• Be able to explain the environmental, technological,
economic and political factors that inspired Portugal and
Spain to undertake voyages of exploration. (Notes #2)
• Be able to describe and account for the Spanish ability to
conquer a territorial empire in the Americas. (Notes #3)
• Understand and be able to explain the reasons for the
various different reactions of African and Asian peoples
to the Portuguese trading empire. (Notes #4 DBQ)
Global Maritime Expansion
Pre-1450
• Fraught with peril
– distances
– uncharted waters
– isolation
Why at this time?
– Faster and cheaper
– exciting prospect
– technology
The Pacific Ocean
Malay Peninsula
– East Indies
– Polynesia
• early 400 CE
• planned expansion
– Kon Tiki (1947)
• westward population
– Hokulea (1976)
• Hawaii to Tahiti
• triangular sail
• currents, stars, land
The Indian Ocean
Malayo-Indonesians
• Madagascar
– Africans
• Monsoon predictability
– dhows (Islamic Ships)
• Rise of Islam
–
–
–
–
demand for valuables
commerce over politics
Islamic networks
commonalities
• ethic, language, law
The Indian Ocean
Ming China
– Yongle’s Imperial Fleet
• Zheng He
• 7 voyages (1405-1433)
– Reasons
• curiosity
• enhancing commerce
– silk, metals as gifts
• tribute
– African / Asian Results
• pepper
• Swahili silk market
• African delegations
– Focus on internal matters
Atlantic Ocean
Vikings
– best mariners
• Iceland (770)
• Greenland (982)
Mali Empire
– Mansa Muhammad (1300)
• Two expeditions
Amerindians
– Arawak (1000)
• West Indies
– Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto
Rico
– N. American mainland
Understanding the Cause of European
Exploration 1400-1550…Pt.1
~Timeline~
When was Europe first introduced to the trade routes in Asia, North Africa
and the Middle East?
– Crusades
• Spices emerge in Europe and are considered a luxury
– Used to preserve food and add flavor; these spices where found in the
spice islands
» Indonesia
Trade Halts- Why do you think the trade of spices halted? (2 reasons)
– Black Plague
• Mongol Empire Collapsed they controlled major trade routes
• Europe lost 25 million people
What happens in Europe after the Black Death?
– Rebirth/RevivalRENAISSANCE
Understanding the Cause of European
Exploration 1400-1550…Pt.2
•
What changes are taking place in Europe during the
Renaissance making it a perfect time for exploration to begin?
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
•
Education/learning
Art/beauty
Idea of Humanism
Scientific Revolution
Trade / Culture
Printing Press
Technology
What country benefitted the most from the Renaissance?
–
Italy center of all trade routes from the east, it was the center of the
arts, center of the revival of culture and center of education.
Exploration Beginnings on the
Iberian Peninsula
Why the Iberian Peninsula?
1) urban life and trade
 Growing middle class
2) intellectual curiosity
 Growing interest in outside world
3) struggle with Islamic powers
 Power struggle for Med. Sea
4) merchant / ruler alliances
 Italian Middlemen & Muslims
Portuguese Voyages
Henry the Navigator:
– Advantage of Islamic weakness
• Leads to attack on Cueta (say-oo-tuh),
Morocco (1415)
– Motives are crusades and commerce
– Henry dedicates his life to exploration
• Sagres (SAH-gresh) institute
– Dramatically improves navigational
instruments
– Compass, Astrolabe, Sextant & Caravel
– West Africa coastline challenges
• Overcoming Myths
• 4 Decades to cover 1500miles Lisbon to Sierra
Leone
• Only 3 Decades to cover remaining 4000miles
Portuguese Voyages
Raising Funds for Expeditions
– Order of Christ
• military religious order
– Slavery
• W. Africa / Canary Islands
– Gold trade
• Portuguese Crown
– Private Commercial Interests
• Fenao Gomes- (1469)
– sugar, gold, slaves
• Bartolome Dias - (1488)
– southern tip of Africa
• Vasco da Gama - (1497-98)
– India
• Pedro Alvares Cabral - (1500)
– Brazil
Spanish Voyages
Preoccupations
– Reconquista
– amalgamation
– conversion / expulsion
Christopher Columbus
– Genoese mariner
– Sailed for Portugal early in career
– Believed there was a shorter route to
reach the East Indies
– Notion was rejected by Portuguese
– Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain
• Decide to support Columbus
– 1492-1498 voyages
• “Grand Khan” letters of introduction
• Sail West to get East shorter route
• southern route more favorable winds
– “Indians”
• New World
Spanish Voyages
• Treaty of Tordesillas - 1494
– East - Portugal
• Brazil
– West – Spain
• Amerigo Vespucci (1499)
– Expeditions for Spain and Portugal
– Prove Columbus found a “New World”
much to Columbus’s disdain
• Vasco de Balboa – (1513)
– Isthmus of Panama
• Ferdinand Magellan – (1519-21)
– Portugal and Spain
– 1st to encircle to globe
• Result
– colonial empire & trade network
Spanish Voyages
Ferdinand Magellan & the
First Circumnavigation of the
World
The Americas
Spanish
– territory over trade
• isolation
– Columbus
• Arawak
– Hispaniola and Bahamas
– stories of gold
– 1493 voyage
• settlers
• servitude
• conquistadors
– Christianity and commerce
– Reconquista
The Americas
• Christopher Columbus- 1492
– Goal
• to find an alternate route to the Spice
Islands…he instead found the Americas
– Outcome
• traveled in and out of the Caribbean
Islands writing down what he
witnessed about the native population.
• “Columbus Letter” Sets off a chain
reaction…
• Columbus Letter Activity
Spanish Conquest
The Americas- Conquistadors
• Aztec Empire
– Hernan Cortes - 1519-1521
– enemies
• tributary state
• human sacrifice
– disease
– Moctezuma II
• 1502-1520 CE
– 1520 capture
• Inca Empire
– disease
– Francisco Pizarro - 1532
• 180 men
• Atahualpa’s “conversion”
The Americas
Spanish Success
1) isolation
– disease
– naivete
2) military technology
–
–
–
–
–
steel
horses
cannon
alliances
style of fighting
3) Reconquista
– forced labor and conversion
– land incorporation
Encounters with Europe, 1450-1550
Perception
– potential allies
– rivals or enemies
Western Africa
– potential trading partners (gold)
• cheaper imports
– Portuguese ‘trading’ forts
• “few, foul, and vile”
• gold for imports / firearms
– Benin Kingdom
• Catholicism
• missionaries
• male slaves
– Kongo Kingdom
• increase in slave trade
monopoly
Encounters with Europe, 1450-1550
Eastern Africa
– Muslim rulers
• cool reception
• 1505 bombardment
– “Christ and commerce”
– Malindi
• trading position
– Ethiopia
• Christian alliance
• “crucifixes”
• patriarchy issue
– European presence
• minor in 1550
Indian Ocean States
Portuguese Arrival - 1498
– poor 1st impression
• King Manuel
– Portugal’s sea
– naval control
•
•
•
•
superior ships / weapons
Goa - 1510
Malacca - 1511
Hormuz - 1515
– trading alliances
• Macao - 1557
– Japan / China trade
– profit
• monopolies
• port custom duties
Indian Ocean States
Portuguese Opposition
– Ottoman Turks
• Ming / Mughal reaction
– landed interests
• Port reactions
– timid cooperation
– evasion / resistance
• Portuguese Domination
– pepper trade
• broke Italian monopoly
– spices / luxury goods to Europe
– considerable profit
– little effect on mainlands
World History:
The Earth and its Peoples
Chapter 20
The Atlantic System and Africa,
1550-1800
Objectives
• Describe and give concrete illustrations of the effects of
the Atlantic system on African, European, and American
societies and their environments.
• Understand the relationship between the spread of sugar
plantations and the growth of the slave trade.
• Be able to describe capitalism and mercantilism and
explain their roles in the development of the Atlantic
system.
• Be able to compare and account for the different roles
and influence of the West and Islam in sub-Saharan
Africa between about 1550-1800.
European Outposts in Africa
• What European country did we discuss explored
West Africa for a sea route to India?
• Portugal
• What was the purpose of the outposts that the
Portuguese set up?
• Built small forts along the coast
• Traded gold, collected food/water, & repaired ships
• Took over the thriving trade network from the Arabs
• The Dutch, the English & the French established
forts as well
1500’s Changes in Africa…
•
1500s: Europeans began to:
– View slaves as the most important item to trade
– Relied on African rulers and traders to seize captives
• Traded for textiles, metalwork, rum, tobacco, weapons,
and gun powder
•
The Atlantic Slave Trade was born! (Triangular Trade)
Motives for African Slaves
•
Why were Africans needed in the new world?
– Europeans needed a larger work force to work
plantations.
•
What was happening to the Native Americans? Why?
– Native Americans were dying at an unbelievable rate.
– Natives had no natural immunities to European
diseases.
•
Why were Africans viewed as the perfect source of labor?
– Africans were use to the warm climate and difficult work.
– Africans were exposed to and developed immunities to
European disease.
– Africans new little about the new land and were less
likely to flee captivity.
The Triangular Trade Route
Horrors of the Middle Passage
• What was the
Middle Passage?
– This was the long 3
month trip slaves
endured across the
Atlantic from Africa to
the New World
– Read excerpt from….
The Interesting
Narrative of the Life of
Olaudah Equiano
Atlantic System
Great (Atlantic) Circuit
– Europe, Africa, Americas
– 1st leg
• metal bars, guns, textiles
– 2nd leg
• gold, timber, slaves
• 1500-1650: 800k
• 1650-1800: 7.5m
– 1 in 6
» disease
» execution / abuse
» suicide
– 3rd leg
• plantation goods
Atlantic System
Atlantic Economy - 1760-1800
– sugar / slave ships
Reasons for success
• private enterprise
– capitalism
• banks
• trading companies
• stock exchanges
– Amsterdam
• insurance
– mercantilism
• precious metal accumulation
• competition
• Navigation Acts of 1660s
• most profitable
Columbian Exchange
• What does it mean to exchange something?
• The Columbian Exchange
• Is considered the global transfer of foods, plants,
and animals during the colonization of America.
• Why do you think it is called the “Columbian
Exchange?”
– It is named after Columbus!
Map of Exchange
Effects of Exchange on Europe
• Potato, corn, and beans helps feed Europe’s
growing population
• New Goods and products will lead to…
– Global Trade!!!
Global Trade
•
1. CAPITALISM— the investment of money to make a profit
–
European gvts risk more money on exploration to try to make an overseas
empire (imperialism)
–
Joint Stock Company- business in which entrepreneurs pool their wealth for
a common purpose, than share the profits.
•
2. MERCANTILISM—was based on countries goal to increase wealth
–
European nations competed with each other for new lands
–
Colonies existed only to benefit the parent country
•
•
Strict laws were passed to regulate trade
Gvts imposed tariffs—taxes on imported goods