Industrial
Revolution
Major Inventions
of the 18-19th centuries
Spinning Jenny
Spinning Jenny
Invented by: James Hargreaves
Description: Allowed more thread to
be produced by spinners
Impact:
Spinning process FASTER
Water-powered loom
Water-powered loom
Developed by: Edmund Cartwright
Impact:
Weavers could keep pace with the
surplus of yarn produced by new
spinning machines
Steam engine
Steam engine
Improved by: James Watt
Description: Made changes that enabled
engine to drive factory machinery
Impact:
Railroad industry booms; Factories can be
built AWAY from WATER
Railroad
Railroad
Description:
A steam locomotive that ran on rails
Impact:
Helped lay foundations for larger markets
(Transportation) and opened up new
forms of investment
Paddle-wheel Steamboat
Paddle-wheel Steamboat
Built by:
Robert Fulton
Impact:
Transportation along canals, rivers,
and lakes made easier
Industrial Societies
What makes
an industrial society?
Do the benefits of
industrialization
justify the costs?
The Second
Industrial
Revolution
1870-1914
New Industrial Frontiers
• Steel, Chemicals, Electricity
• 1870-1914: Steel replaced iron
• Steel: Lighter, smaller, faster machines,
engines, railroads, etc.
• Electricity: Convertible into heat, light,
motion
• New transportation: ocean liners,
airplanes, automobiles
2 New Economic Zones
• Industrial – Makes Stuff
• Agricultural – Grows Stuff
Go to the map on p. 617
Attempts at Reform
LABOR UNIONS
• Formed by laborers to work for change
• Unions negotiate for better pay, conditions with
employers
• 1st Legal Strikes in GB in 1870s
• Union goals
– higher wages
– shorter hours
– improved conditions
Universal Education
• Causes
– 2nd Ind Rev needed skilled workers
– To better educate voters
– To build Patriotism
• Effects
– Need more Teacher, so more Colleges
– Increased Literacy, so more Newspapers
Socialism Ideology
• Equality of all people
• Upset with elites (bankers,
industrialists,etc)
• Replace competition w/
cooperation
• Early socialists: “Utopians”
• Ultimate goal: classless society
Marxist Socialism
A system in which society,
usually in the form of the
government, owns and controls
the means of production
(nat. resources, factories, etc.)
Karl Marx:
“World
history… is
the history
of class
struggles.”
Marx’s Theory
• Industrialized societies split into two
great classes
• Oppressors vs. Oppressed
• Struggle leads to violent revolution
• Dictatorship: gov. in which a person or
group has absolute power
• Final Revolution  Classless society
Key Terms
Bourgeoisie
The Middle Class
French origin;
Sometimes negative
connotation—
Ambition, greed
Proletariat
The Working class;
From Marx’s theory
(i.e. Russian Revolution)
Industrial Capitalism
Economic system based on
industrial production
Produced middle class; people
who built factories, bought
machines, studied markets