Emergency
First
Aid
Training
Welcome
The aims of first aid
P
Preserve Life
P
Prevent Worsening
P
Promote Recovery
2
Priorities of treatment – Primary survey
D
R
A
B
C
Danger
Response
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
3
Resuscitation flow chart
D
Danger?
YES
Remove
Danger
NO
R
Response?
NO
Help!
A
Open Airway
B
Normal Breathing?
NO
Call 999/112 Now
(If not already done)
Resuscitation
30 to 2
 Give 30 chest compressions, then 2 rescue breaths.
 Continue giving cycles of 30 compressions to 2 rescue breaths.
 Only stop to recheck the casualty if they start to wake up AND
start breathing normally.
 If there is more than one rescuer, change over every 1 - 2 minutes
to prevent fatigue.
4-8
Resuscitation
D
Danger
R
Response
A
Airway
B
Breathing Normally?
4-8
Resuscitation
WARNING:
“In the first few minutes after cardiac
arrest, a casualty may be barely
breathing, or taking infrequent, noisy
gasps. These are known as ‘agonal’
gasps, and should not be confused with
normal breathing.”
If you are in doubt, start CPR.
77
Childand
and baby
baby CPR
Child
First Aiders can use the adult
sequence of resuscitation on a
child or baby who is
unresponsive and not breathing.
7
Child and baby CPR
The following minor modifications to the adult sequence will, however,
make it even more suitable for use in children:
Give five initial rescue breaths before
starting chest compressions
Compress the chest by about one-third of its depth:
For a baby
under 1 year,
use two fingers
For a child over 1 year,
use one or two hands
to achieve an adequate depth
If you are on your own, perform resuscitation
for about 1 minute before going for help
8
Vomiting
Gurgling noises when giving rescue breaths?
9
Secondary survey
Primary Survey First – DRABC
Recovery Position?
History, Signs and Symptoms
Head and Neck
Shoulders and Chest
Abdomen and Pelvis
Legs and Arms
Pockets and Clues
9
Recovery Position
The respiratory system
The respiratory system
11
Choking adult or child
Cough!
5 Back Blows
5 Abdominal Thrusts
13
Choking baby
5 Back Blows
5 Chest Thrusts
4-7
Choking – unconscious casualty
Start CPR
14
Shock
About one third
15
Treatment of bleeding
S
Sit or Lay
E
Examine
E
Elevate
P
Pressure
Indirect pressure points
Types of wound – laceration
Types of wound – laceration
Types of wound – laceration
Types of wound – puncture wound
17
Types of wound – amputation
19
Severity of burns
S
C
A
L
D
Size
Cause
Age
Location
Depth
19
Burns – estimating the area
1%
19
Burns
19
Burns treatment
1
Cool
2
Remove
3
Dress
20
Broken bones – The skeleton
20
Broken bones – signs and symptoms
Pain
Loss of power
Unnatural movement
Swelling or bruising
Deformity
Irregularity
Crepitus
Tenderness
Types of fracture – closed
Types of fracture – open
Types of fracture – open fracture
Note the poor aseptic technique!
Types of fracture – open fracture
Dislocation
Dislocated
Normal
21
The spine
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Fused Sacral
22
The heart
Aorta
Coronary
Artery
22
Angina
Cholesterol Plaque
Coronary Artery Wall
Reduced blood flow
Angina
22
Heart attack
Blood Clot
Heart Attack
22
Heart attack
Blood clot
22
Heart attack
Blood clot
Area of dying
heart muscle
22
Angina and heart attack
Angina
Heart Attack
Onset
Sudden, usually during exertion,
stress or extreme weather.
Sudden, can occur at rest.
Pain
Vice-like squashing pain.
‘Dull’, ‘tightness’ or ‘pressure’.
Can be mistaken for indigestion.
Vice-like squashing pain.
‘Dull’, ‘tightness’ or ‘pressure’.
Can be mistaken for indigestion.
Location of
Pain
Central chest. Can radiate into
arms, neck, jaw, back, shoulders.
Central chest. Can radiate into arms,
neck, jaw, back, shoulders.
Duration
3 – 8 Minutes, rarely longer.
Usually longer than 30 minutes.
Skin
Pale, may be sweaty.
Pale, grey colour. May sweat profusely.
Pulse
Variable. Often becomes
irregular, missing beats.
Variable. Often becomes
irregular, missing beats.
Other signs
and symptoms
Shortness of breath,
weakness, anxiety.
Shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea,
vomiting, sense of ‘impending doom’.
Factors
giving relief
Resting, reducing stress,
taking ‘GTN’ medication.
GTN medication may give
partial or no relief.
23
Stroke
F
A
Facial weakness
S
Speech problems
T
Time to call 999!
Arm weakness
23
Stroke
Normal
Unequal
Dilated
24
Diabetes
insulin
sugar
Fixed amount
injected:
Burns up sugar!
Eaten:
To balance the
insulin taken.
24
Diabetes – untreated
insulin
sugar
24
Diabetes – low blood sugar
sugar
insulin
Overdosed
on insulin
Or not eaten
enough food;
Or over
exercised.
24
Diabetes – low blood sugar
Why is low blood sugar so dangerous?
Brain cells can only use glucose (sugar) for energy.
Oxygen +
Food = Energy = LIFE
24
Diabetes
Onset
Levels of
response
Skin
Breathing
Pulse
Other
symptoms
High Blood Sugar
Low Blood Sugar
Slow
Fast
Deteriorate slowly
Deteriorate rapidly
Dry and Warm
Pale, cold, sweaty
Deep sighing breaths
Shallow and rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Excessive urination
Very thirsty
Hunger
Fruity smell on breath
May be confused for
drunkenness
27
Anaphylaxis
Picture: Many Thanks to the Anaphylaxis Campaign.
and finally…
Successful Resuscitation?
Emergency
First Aid
Training
Thank you!
4
The airway
X
Make your own slides / mnemonics
A
B
C
D
E
Alpha
Bravo
Charlie
Delta
Echo
X
Make your own slides / mnemonics
A
B
C
D
Alpha
E
F
G
H
Echo
I
J
K
L
Bravo
Charlie
Delta
Foxtrot
Golf
Hotel
Indigo
Juliette
Kilo
Lima
M
N
O
P
Mike
Q
R
S
T
Quebec
U
V
W
X
November
Oscar
Papa
Romeo
Sierra
Tango
Uniform
Victor
Whiskey
X-ray
Y
Z
Yankee
Zulu