Agenda
Review
• How did Mongol conquest affect Korea?
• How did the Mongol threat affect Japan?
• How was the modern state of Vietnam
created?
Unit 3: Regional and Transregional
Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.)
ESSENTIAL LEARNING: TROPICAL
ASIA AND AFRICA (1200-1500)
Objectives
• Describe the environment of tropical Africa
and Asia.
• Evaluate how environmental differences
shaped cultural differences in tropical Africa
and Asia.
Essential Questions
• What is the environment of tropical Africa and
Asia?
• How did environmental differences shape
cultural differences in tropical Africa and Asia?
Map 14-1, p. 370
Target: Tropical Lands and Peoples
• The Tropical Environment
– Between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn.
– Rainy and dry seasons.
– Altitude creates variations.
• Human Ecosystems
– Hunters, fishers, herders, farmers
• Water Systems and Irrigation
– Vietnam, Java, Malay, Burma – conserved
monsoon rains, terraced.
– North and south India – dams, irrigation canals.
– Large irrigation systems.
• Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)
– Southeast Asia – canals.
• Mineral Resources
– Ironworking – hoes, axes, knives.
– Copper – wire, currency, statues.
– Gold.
Essential Questions
• What is the environment of tropical Africa and
Asia?
• How did environmental differences shape
cultural differences in tropical Africa and Asia?
Agenda
Review
• What is the environment of tropical Africa and
Asia?
• How did environmental differences shape
cultural differences in tropical Africa and Asia?
Unit 3: Regional and Transregional
Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.)
ESSENTIAL LEARNING: TROPICAL
ASIA AND AFRICA (1200-1500)
Objectives
• Identify the circumstances under which the
first Islamic empires arose in Africa and India.
Essential Questions
• Under what circumstances did the first Islamic
empires arise in Africa and India?
Map 14-2, p. 373
Target: New Islamic Empires
• Mali (Western Sudan)
– Muslim rule (600’s on) stimulated Saharan trade.
– Muslim Berbers defeated Ghana (1076), did little
to spread Islam.
– Muslim attacks on Christian Nubian kingdoms
(1200s).
– Ethiopia remained Christian.
– Sub-Sahara – gradual and peaceful conversion.
– Expansion of commercial contacts in western
Sudan and East African coast.
– Well-developed agricultural base, control of
regional trans-Saharan trade routes.
– Mansa Musa (r. 1312-1337)
• Ibn Battuta visited (1352-1354) during reign of Mansa
Suleiman (r. 1341-1360).
• Fall – rebellions, outside attacks.
• Delhi Sultanate in India
– Turkish dynasty captured Delhi (late 1100s).
– 1206-1236 – Muslim invaders extended rule
• Movement away from brutal conquerors.
• Conquered peoples received protection for tax.
– Sultan Ala-ud-din Khalji (r. 1296-1316) increased
control over outlying provinces.
– Firuz Shah (r. 1352-1388)
• Taxed Brahmins. Built mosques, colleges, and hospitals.
– Terror, harsh military, pillage, and high taxes.
– Personal and religious rivalries within Muslim
elite, Hindu discontent.
• Bahmani kingdom (1347-1482).
• Vijayanagar Empire (1336-1565)
– By 1351, all of south India had cast off Delhi rule,
north India rebelled.
Essential Questions
• Under what circumstances did the first Islamic
empires arise in Africa and India?
Agenda
Review
• How did cultural and ecological differences
promote trade?
• How did this trade and other contacts
promote state growth and the spread of
Islam?
Unit 3: Regional and Transregional
Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.)
ESSENTIAL LEARNING: TROPICAL
ASIA AND AFRICA (1200-1500)
Objectives
• Identify how the technology of the maritime
trade network of the Indian Ocean tied
together peoples of Asia, Africa, and Europe.
• Describe how cultural and ecological
differences promoted trade.
• Describe how this trade and other contacts
promoted state growth and the spread of
Islam.
Essential Questions
• How did the technology of the maritime trade
network of the Indian Ocean tie together
peoples of Asia, Africa, and Europe?
• How did cultural and ecological differences
promote trade?
• How did this trade and other contacts
promote state growth and the spread of
Islam?
Map 14-3, p. 376
Target: Indian Ocean Trade
• 14th century fall of Mongol Empire disrupted
overland routes.
• 1200-1500: trade increased and facilitated
spread of Islam.
• Monsoon Mariners
– Demand for luxuries rose.
– Several legs of voyage.
– Dhows – Arabian Sea vessel.
p. 381
– Junks in China.
– Decentralized and cooperative commercial
interest connected the Indian Ocean regions.
• Africa: The Swahili Coast and Zimbabwe
– City-states by 1500 as a result of expanded trade.
– Common culture and language built on African
grammar and vocabulary, many Arabic and Persian
terms, Arabic script.
• Swahili.
– Kilwa.
– Great Zimbabwe
• Stone structures.
• Farming and cattle herding, long-distance trade (gold
and salt).
• Decline – most likely forest depletion and overgrazing.
• Arabia: Aden and the Red Sea
– Aden – monsoon winds = drinking water and grain
for export.
– Common commercial interests = good relations
among religions and cultures.
• India: Gujarat and the Malabar Coast
– Gujarat prospered from the Arabian Sea and the
Delhi Sultanate.
• Merchants helped spread Islam.
• Manufactured goods for trade.
• Southeast Asia
– Strait of Malacca
• Political rivalry (14th and 15th centuries).
• Siam, Majapahit.
– Malacca
• Alliance with China.
• Ruler’s conversion to Islam promoted trade with
Muslim merchants.
• Southeast Asian products.
Essential Questions
• How did the technology of the maritime trade
network of the Indian Ocean tie together
peoples of Asia, Africa, and Europe?
• What is the economic significance of the
Swahili city-states, Great Zimbabwe, Aden,
Gujarat, the Malabar Coast, and Malacca?
Agenda
Review
• How did the technology of the maritime trade
network of the Indian Ocean tie together
peoples of Asia, Africa, and Europe?
• What is the economic significance of the
Swahili city-states, Great Zimbabwe, Aden,
Gujarat, the Malabar Coast, and Malacca?
Unit 3: Regional and Transregional
Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.)
ESSENTIAL LEARNING: TROPICAL
ASIA AND AFRICA (1200-1500)
Objectives
• Describe the social and cultural changes
reflected in the history of peoples living in
tropical Africa and Asia during this period.
Essential Questions
• What social and cultural changes are reflected
in the history of peoples living in tropical
Africa and Asia during this period?
Target: Social and Cultural Change
• Architecture, Learning, and Religion
– Social and cultural changes affected cities more
than rural areas.
– Blend of old and new.
– Mosques, churches, temples – centers of
education and prayer.
• Muslim scholars.
• Muslim rulers seldom required conversion.
– Merchants, Muslim domination of trade,
marriage.
– Invasions eliminated last strongholds of
Buddhism.
• Social and Gender Distinctions
– Growth in Hindu slavery with Muslim expansion.
– African slaves - military and administration of
some Indian states.
– Slaves worked in trades, military units, copper
mines, as servants.
• Status of Hindu women improved.
– Sati was optional.
– Seldom played role in commerce, administration,
or religion.
• Adopting Islam did not always mean adopting
Arab social customs.
Essential Questions
• What social and cultural changes are reflected
in the history of peoples living in tropical
Africa and Asia during this period?