TEN STEPS TO ADVANCING
COLLEGE READING SKILLS
Fourth Edition
John Langan
© 2008 Townsend Press
Chapter Seven:
Fact and Opinion
Here is a personals ad that appeared in a retirement community
newspaper in Florida:
FOXY LADY. Blue-haired beauty, 80s,
slim 5'4" (used to be 5'6"). Widow who
has just buried fourth husband. Has
original teeth and new parts including
hip, knee, cornea, and valves. A groovy
chick who is still the life of the party.
• Which of the statements in the ad are facts?
• Which of the statements in the ad are opinions?
• Facts in the ad: the woman’s hair color, age, and height;
her marital status; her physical condition
• Opinions in the ad: She is a “foxy lady,” a “beauty,”
and “slim”; she is “a groovy chick who is still the life of
the party.”
FOXY LADY. Blue-haired beauty, 80s,
slim 5'4" (used to be 5'6"). Widow who
has just buried fourth husband. Has
original teeth and new parts including
hip, knee, cornea, and valves. A groovy
chick who is still the life of the party.
FACT
A fact is information that can be proved
through objective evidence.
This evidence may be physical proof or the
spoken or written testimony of witnesses.
FACT
Examples of Facts
Fact: My grandfather has eleven toes.
(Someone can count them.)
Fact: In 1841, William Henry Harrison served as president of the
United States for only thirty-one days; he died of pneumonia.
(We can check history records to confirm that this is true.)
Fact: Tarantulas are hairy spiders capable of inflicting on humans a
painful but not deadly bite.
(We can check biology reports to confirm that this statement
is true.)
OPINION
An opinion is a belief, judgment, or conclusion
that cannot be objectively proved true.
As a result, it is open to question.
OPINION
Examples of Opinions
Opinion: My grandfather’s feet are ugly.
(Two people can look at the same thing and come to different
conclusions about its beauty. For instance, the speaker’s
grandmother may have found those feet attractive. Ugly is a
value word, a word we use to express a value judgment. It
signals an opinion.)
Opinion: Harrison should never have been elected president in the
first place.
(Those who voted for him would not have agreed.)
Opinion: Tarantulas are disgusting.
(Who says? Not the people who keep them as pets.)
FACT AND OPINION
• Both facts and opinions can be valuable.
However, it is important to recognize the
difference between the two.
• You should look at information with the
questioning eye of a critical reader.
FACT AND OPINION
Fact and Opinion in Reading
Which statement below is fact? Which is opinion?
A. No flower is more beautiful than a simple daisy.
B. In Egypt, 96 percent of the land is desert.
FACT AND OPINION
Fact and Opinion in Reading
A. No flower is more beautiful than a simple daisy.
B. In Egypt, 96 percent of the land is desert.
Explanation
Item A is an opinion. Many people consider other flowers more
beautiful than the daisy. The word beautiful is a value word.
Item B is a fact, agreed upon and written down by experts who
study geography.
FACT AND OPINION
Fact and Opinion in Reading
Which statement below is fact? Which is opinion? Which is fact and opinion?
A. It is riskier for a woman to have a first child after age
40 than before.
B. It is stupid for women over 40 to get pregnant.
C. It is sometimes risky and always foolish for a woman to
have a first child after age 40.
FACT AND OPINION
Fact and Opinion in Reading
A. It is riskier for a woman to have a first child after age
40 than before.
B. It is stupid for women over 40 to get pregnant.
C. It is sometimes risky and always foolish for a woman to
have a first child after age 40.
Item A is a fact. It can be verified by checking medical statistics.
Item B is an opinion. Some people might admire the woman who
has children in her 40s.
Item C is fact and opinion. Although it may be risky, not everyone
would say it is foolish.
FACT AND OPINION
Other Points about Fact and Opinion
• Statements of fact may be found to be untrue.
Example
It was once considered to be a fact that the world was round,
but that “fact” turned out to be an error.
FACT AND OPINION
Other Points about Fact and Opinion
• Opinions may be masked as facts.
Example
The truth of the matter is that olive oil tastes much better
than butter.
This statement is an opinion, in spite of the words the truth of the
matter.
FACT AND OPINION
Other Points about Fact and Opinion
• Value (or judgment) words often represent
opinions.
Examples of value words
best
worst
better
worse
great
terrible
lovely
disgusting
beautiful
bad
good
wonderful
FACT AND OPINION
Other Points about Fact and Opinion
• The words should and ought to often
signal opinions.
Example
Couples with young children should not be allowed to divorce.
This statement represents what the speaker thinks should not be
allowed. Others might disagree.
FACT AND OPINION
Other Points about Fact and Opinion
• Much of what we read and hear is a mixture
of fact and opinion.
Example
Each year, over 1,600 American teenagers kill themselves,
and many of these deaths could be easily prevented.
The first part of the sentence is a fact that can be confirmed by checking
statistics on teen suicides.
The second part is an opinion. The word easily is a judgment word —
people may differ on how easy or difficult they consider something to be.
FACT AND OPINION
Fact and Opinion in Passages
(1)It was by accident that someone invented the air conditioner, one of
the world’s most important machines. (2)In the summer of 1902, a
Brooklyn, New York, printer was having trouble with color printing: the
size of paper on the presses was changed enough by the hot, humid air to
cause distortions in printing. (3)That problem must have been the printer’s
worst nightmare. (4)A young engineer named Willis Haviland Carrier,
trying to solve the problem, made the wonderful discovery that he could
reduce the amount of humidity in the air with a machine that blew cool air.
In the passage above, one sentence is a fact, one is an
opinion, and two are a combination of fact and opinion.
Which sentences are which?
FACT AND OPINION
Fact and Opinion in Passages
(1)It was by accident that someone invented the air conditioner, one of
the world’s most important machines. (2)In the summer of 1902, a
Brooklyn, New York, printer was having trouble with color printing: the
size of paper on the presses was changed enough by the hot, humid air to
cause distortions in printing. (3)That problem must have been the printer’s
worst nightmare. (4)A young engineer named Willis Haviland Carrier,
trying to solve the problem, made the wonderful discovery that he could
reduce the amount of humidity in the air with a machine that blew cool air.
Explanation
Sentence 1: The first part is a fact that can be checked in historical records.
The second part is an opinion not everyone would agree with.
Sentence 2: This sentence contains only facts about the historical event.
Sentence 3: The sentence expresses the author’s opinion about the problem.
Sentence 4: Most of the sentence is factual, but the word wonderful is the
author’s opinion about the discovery.
CHAPTER REVIEW
In this chapter, you learned the difference between fact and opinion:
• A fact is information that can be proved true through objective
evidence. This evidence may be physical proof or the spoken or
written testimony of witnesses.
• An opinion is a belief, judgment, or conclusion that cannot be
objectively proved true. As a result, it is open to question.
Both facts and opinions can be valuable. However, it is important to
distinguish between the two, and you should look at information with the
questioning eye of a critical reader.
The next chapter—Chapter 8—will sharpen your ability to make inferences
in reading.