Book 2
Unit 5
Text A
Medicine and Illness
One Year Later: 5 Lessons from the
H1N1 Pandemic
Quit
Contents
1
Background Information & Cultural Notes
2
Lead-in
3
Text Structures
4
Sentence Study
Text A
5
6
Words & Phrases
Key to Exercises
Quit
Background Information & Cultural Notes
About Flu
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
The BMC-series of journals
The National Institutes of Health (NIH)
The World Organization for Animal Health
The National Center for Immunization and
Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD)
Global Vital Forecasting Initiative
Home
About Flu
According to historical records, influenza has existed for more
than two-thousand years. The Roman historian Livy described
this disease attacking the Roman army. People in fifteenth
century Italy thought the sickness was caused by the influence of
the stars. So they named it “influenza.”
In1889, the flu began in Central Asia, spreading north
into Russia, east to China and west to Europe. Later, it affected
people in North America and Africa. Experts say two-hundredfifty-thousand people died in Europe in that flu pandemic.
Worldwide, the number was at least one-million.
But the deadliest outbreak of influenza on record
involved a flu that first appeared in Spain. The so-called Spanish
flu killed between twenty-million and fifty-million people around
the world in 1918 and 1919. Even young, healthy people became
sick and died in just a few days.
To Be Continued
Home
Back
About Flu
Times when diseases spread throughout the world are called
pandemics. The WHO says the next flu pandemic is likely to kill
as many as six-hundred-fifty-thousand people in industrial
countries. But it says the greatest effect will likely be in
developing countries. The agency notes that health care
resources in those countries are limited, and populations are
weakened by poor health and diet.
Researchers say the new kind of flu will appear unexpectedly.
They will not have enough time to identify it and produce a
vaccine. That is why they are developing faster ways to produce
vaccines.
Eighty years ago, the flu virus took months to spread around
the world. Today, as a result of airplane travel, a virus can
spread around the world within days. Experts say another virus
like the one that appeared in nineteen-eighteen could be as
dangerous as any disease ever known.
Home
Back
Background Information & Cultural Notes
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
美国疾病控制与预防中心
It is a United States federal agency under the
department of Health and Human Services based in
Atlanta, Georgia. It works to protect public health and
safety by providing information to enhance health
decisions, and it promotes health through partnerships
with state health departments and other organizations.
Home
Back
Background Information & Cultural Notes
The BMC-series of journals 伦敦生物医学中心系列杂志
They are a collection of 64 online research journals
published by BioMed Central. They have a policy of open
access to the research articles they publish. Between them,
they cover all the major subject areas within biology and
medicine.
生物医学期刊出版中心,简称BMC
Home
Back
Background Information & Cultural Notes
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) 美国国家健康研究
所
It is an agency of the United States Department
of Health Services and is the primary agency of the
U.S. government responsible for biomedical and
health-related research.
Home
Back
Background Information & Cultural Notes
The World Organization for Animal Health
世界动物卫生组织
It is an international intergovernmental
organization founded in 1924 to combat rinderpest.
It has 175 member countries and territories. Its
headquarters are in Paris, France.
牛瘟
Home
Back
Background Information & Cultural Notes
The National Center for
Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD)
Immunization
and
国家免疫和呼吸道疾病中心
It is charged with responsibility for the
planning, coordination, and conduct of immunization
activities in the U.S. It provides consultation, training,
statistical, promotional, educational, epidemiological,
and technical services to assist state and local health
departments across the country in planning,
developing,
contracting
and
implementing
immunization programs.
Home
Back
Background Information & Cultural Notes
Global Vital Forecasting Initiative
全球病毒预测行动组织
It aims at developing an early system for
pandemics to monitor the transmission of infectious
disease from animals to humans. The initiative currently
coordinates a staff of over 100 scientists in China,
Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Central African
Republic, Malaysia, and Madagascar.
Home
Back
Lead-in
Question 1
In addition to H1N1, can you name some other
pandemic diseases which were once widespread?
Home
Lead-in
Question 1
Some Pandemic Diseases
HIV and AIDS
艾滋病
Cholera
霍乱
Influenza
流感
Typhus
斑疹伤寒
Smallpox
天花
Measles
麻疹
Tuberculosis
肺结核
Leprosy
麻风病
Malaria
疟疾
Yellow fever
黄热病
Home
Lead-in
Question 2
What are the symptoms of H1N1 flu in people ?
Home
Lead-in
Question 2
What are the symptoms of H1N1 flu in people ?
According to the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC), the symptoms of H1N1
flu in people are similar to the symptoms of
regular human flu. They are fever, cough, sore
throat, body aches, headache, chills, stuffy or
running nose, diarrhea, fatigue and sometimes
vomiting. Like seasonal flu, H1N1 flu may cause
a worsening of underlying chronic medical
conditions.
Home
Lead-in
Question 3
As individuals, what are the ways we have to prevent
H1N1 pandemic?
Home
Lead-in
Question 3
What are ways to prevent H1N1 pandemic as individuals?
To prevent H1N1 pandemic or other strains of flu and
viruses, we need to do the following things:
1) Wash hands constantly.
2) Cover your mouth and nose when sneezing and coughing.
3) Stay away from large groups of people.
4) Don’t touch eyes, nose or mouth.
5) Stay at home when sick, so other people don’t get it.
If you do have it, go to get medical attention
IMMEDIATELY.
Home
Text Structure
Part I. The overall review about what impact the H1N1 flu had
brought to people. (Paragraph 1-7)
1. A review of how H1N1 flu swept over many countries. (1-3)
2. The H1N1 flu seemed not quite catastrophic as it was
estimated. (4-6)
3. We still need to understand why H1N1 was a threat and
figure out effective ways to handle more new viruses in the
future. (7)
Home
Text Structure
Part II: The five key lessons from the 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic
(Paragraph 8-24)
1. H1N1 was more serious than the death toll suggested. (9-11)
2. The pandemic you prepare for may not be the one you get.
(12-14)
3. Prevention means surveillance. (15-17)
4. Vaccine manufacturing is outmoded, but vaccines are not a
panacea. (18-21)
5. It all boils down to communication and trust. (22-24)
Home
Sentence Study
1 Since most people had no immune protection
against the H1N1 virus, which had been simmering
in swine populations for years before jumping into
human beings in Mexico, it spread rapidly. (Para.2)
simmer ['simə]
vi. 炖；内心充满；即将爆发
vt. 炖
n. 炖；即将沸腾的状态；即将
发作
swine [swain]
n. 猪；卑贱的人
[ 复数swine ]
To Be Continued
Home
Sentence Study
1
Paraphrase:
The H1N1 virus spread rapidly because it had
been spreading in pigs for many years, then it
jumped into human beings and most people did
not have any immune protection against it.
鉴于大部分人群并没有针对甲流病毒的免疫防护，而当
病毒在墨西哥地区大规模传播之前，已经在大量猪群中
疯狂扩散。
Home
Sentence Study
2
U.S. cases piled up in late spring, and
both the sick and the “worried well”
flooded hospitals, taxing health care
resources. (Para.3)
To Be Continued
Home
Sentence Study
2 Paraphrase:
The cases of getting infected with H1N1 virus become larger
and larger, both the sick and the people who were well but
worried about getting infected flooded hospitals, imposing a
great burden on health care resources.
美国地区的感染病例在春末迅速激增，患者和担心自己被
感染者把医院围的水泄不通，这给卫生保健资源带来了巨
大的财政压力。
Home
Sentence Study
3 Millions of doses of H1N1 vaccine expired unused
on doctor’s shelves, and health officials are now
under fire for overhyping what eventually seemed
like a harmless bug. (Para.6)
To Be Continued
Home
Sentence Study
3
Paraphrase:
Millions of doses of H1N1 vaccine were no longer valid and
remained unused on doctor’s shelves, the health officials are
criticized severely for overstating the harm of H1N1 flu.
数百万份甲流疫苗仍安放在药架上，已经过了保质期，卫
生部官员也因危言耸听而备受指责，甲流也许最终不过是
一种微乎其微的小病菌。
Home
Sentence Study
4 The problem is that animal health gets only a
fraction of the funding and talent devoted to human
health---the World Organization for Animal Health
is a poor cousin to the World Health Organization –
even though the two realms are intertwined. (Para.16)
To Be Continued
Home
Sentence Study
4
Paraphrase:
The World Organization for Animal Health, to
some degree, has a close relationship with the
World Health Organization and some of their
working fields are twisted together. But the World
Organization for Animal Health still suffers a lack
of funding and experts.
现在的问题是，与人类健康研究相比，以动物的
健康研究为由只能申请到一小部分的资金和人才
支持，尽管这两个组织之间相互依托，世界动物
卫生组织也不过是世界卫生组织的一个旁系分支
机构。
Home
Sentence Study
5 The only way to defuse public skepticism is for
health officials to communicate better what they
know about an outbreak---and even more important,
what they don’t know about it. (Para.23)
To Be Continued
Home
Sentence Study
4
Paraphrase:
The only way to remove uncertainty of the public
is for health officials to show the information they
know about the disease. And most importantly, the
information they don’t know about it.
打消公众疑虑的唯一方法就是医疗卫生系统官员
与公众及时沟通他们关于疫情所掌握的信息，更
重要的是，把他们不知晓的问题也公诸于众。
Home
New Words & Expressions
New Words
Expressions
1.
grapple
1. in hindsight
2.
simmer
2. catch off guard
3.
strand
3. boil down
4.
intertwine
4. chances are
5.
stem
6.
defuse
7.
transparency
Home
New Words
Para 1, Line 5
1. grapple
1). V. grapple with sth.: try hard to find a solution to a problem 努力设法解决某事
1. 现在政府正努力解决空气污染问题。
Now the new government is trying to grapple with the problem of air pollution.
2. 使用这种手套，这样你可以与教练扭打。
Use this kind of gloves so you can grapple with your trainer.
3.人们怎样才能摆脱那些越来越威胁他们的隐私的事情？
How can people grapple with growing threats to their privacy?
Back
New Words
Para. 2, Line 4
2. simmer
simmer v. be about to break out in rage or excitement 即将爆发，酝酿
1. 这场争论已经酝酿了几个月
This argument has been simmering for months.
2.据说这个可怕的疾病在这一与世隔绝的村庄已酝酿了几十年。
It is said that this dreadful disease has been simmering for decades in this
isolated village.
3. 将肉用慢火再炖十分钟。
Simmer the meat for ten minutes more.
Back
New Words
Para. 3, Line 3
3. strand
strand: 1). n. 股，缕（金属线，绳，头发）
2). v. 使滞留
1.她脖子上戴了单串珍珠。
She wore a single strand of pearls around her neck.
2.这场罢工使几百旅游者滞留在机场。
The strike left hundreds of tourists stranded at the airport.
3.她把一缕头发从脸上掠开。
She put a strand of hair aside from her face.
Back
New Words
Para. 10, Line 1
4. in hindsight
in hindsight: 事后聪明， 马后炮
1.
我们都是时代的产物，而我们都只有事后聪明。
We are all products of our time, and we only have hindsight.
2. 我母亲曾警告我不要事后聪明发表评论。
My mother warned me not to give a comment in hindsight.
3.借助于事后的认识，我得以试着做出判断。
I was able to attempt a judgment with the help of hindsight.
Back
New Words
Para. 14, Line 1
5. catch off guard
catch off guard: v. ph. 未能为困难的或危险的事做好准备，使措手不急
1.希望我们能在他不警惕时抓住他。
Hopefully, we can catch him off guard,
2.昨天发生的森林大火让消防部门措手不及。
Yesterday the sudden outbreak of forest fires caught the fire department
off guard.
3. 律师设计的问题使这个证人措手不及。
The lawyer’s question was designed to catch the witness off guard.
Back
New Words
Para. 16, Line 5
6. intertwine
intertwine V. 1). something are twisted together so that they are difficult to
separate, 使缠结，缠绕在一起; 2). V. be or become closely connected with sth. or
sb. 紧密相连
1.这棵大树的枝干缠绕在了一起。
The branches of the big tree intertwined together.
2.他们的政治生涯已紧紧地相连。
Their political careers has become closely intertwined.
3. 你的工作和这一切有什么连接？
How does your job intertwine with all this?
Back
New Words
Para. 21, Line 3
7. stem
stem 1). n.（花草的）茎，梗; 2). v. 阻止，封堵
1. 她手里拿着一支长茎玫瑰。
She holds a rose with a long stem in her hand.
2. 他们讨论了阻止走私毒品流通的办法。
They discussed ways to stem the flow of smuggled drugs.
3. 随着这个疫苗的使用，病毒的扩散能得到很快遏止。
The spread of virus can be stemmed quickly with the use of this vaccine.
Back
New Words
Para. 22, Line 1
8. boil down to
boil down to : verbal phrase: have sth. as a main or basic part
1. 所有的数字归结一个结论就是我们所赚的利润不够。
All the figures boil down to one thing we are not making enough profit .
2. 最终，归根到底是钱的事。
In the end, what it all boils down to is money.
3. 这些事实没有多大意义。
These facts boil down to very little significance.
Back
New Words
Para. 23, Line 1
9. defuse
defuse v. stop a dangerous or difficult situation from developing 平息，
缓和
1. 当地警察正试图缓和那个区域的紧张局势。
The local police are trying to defuse tensions in the community.
2. 这也许能够消除他的一些怒气。
This may defuse some of his anger.
3. 缓解那一地区的冲突可能会很困难。
Conflicts in that region can be very difficult to defuse.
Back
New Words
Para. 24, Line 5
10. chances are
chances are: it is likely that… 有可能
1. 有可能你不用付钱了。
The chances are you won’t have to pay.
2.人类有可能最终登陆火星。
Chances are that man will eventually land on mars.
3. 她可能会去参加派对。
The chances are that she'll be at the party.
Back
Key to Exercises
1. Reading Comprehension
a. Choose the sentences that best express the meaning of the statement
from the text.
(1)B (2) C (3)A (4)A (5)B
Home
Key to Exercises
b. Fill in the blanks with the information you have learned in the text.
(1) schools were shut down; the government banned public gatherings;
travelers from affected regions who showed signs of flu were
quarantined
(2) the young, the healthy and the pregnant
(3) not in people but in animals; those who are in close contact with
animals
(4) hand washing, sanitation and distancing measures like keeping sick
people at home
(5) communicate better what they know about an outbreak and what
they don’t know about it.
Home
Key to Exercises
2.Vocabulary
a.
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words or phrases you have
learned in the text.
(1)stranded
(2) hindsight
(3)vaccine
(4) intertwined
(5) transparency
(6) grapple with
(7) catch off guard
(8)give more weight to (9) piled up
(10) stamp out
Home
Key to Exercises
2.Vocabulary
b. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one.
(1) B (2) D (3) A (4) C (5) B
(6) A (7) D (8) B (9) C (10)A
Home
Key to Exercises
3. Cloze
choose an appropriate word from the following list to fill in each of the following
blanks. Each word can be used only once. Change the form where necessary.
(1)rather than (2) alone
(5) varies
(3) concluded (4) timing
(6) compared (7) reveal
(8) connected
(9) triggering (10) attributed (11) majority (12) counted
(13) risk
(14) immunity (15) likely
(16) previous
(17) adolescents (18) effectively (19) severe (20) dependent
Home
Key to Exercises
4. Translation
a. Chinese to English:
Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) Some people dub China as “The Bicycle
Kingdom”. Yet in the past, you could hardly see
anyone from this kingdom in the international
cycling events.
(2) The WHO says anyone exposed to the bird flu
should be quarantined to avoid contact with
sufferers of regular human influenza.
To Be Continued
Home
Key to Exercises
4. Translation
a. Chinese to English:
Translate the following sentences into English.
(3) The great “Spanish flu” pandemic of 1918-1919
was considered the worst plague in history, killing up
to 40 million people with half of the world’s
population infected in only a few months.
(4) The time for talk is over. The time for action is
now. Because we know that if we don’t act, a bad
situation will become dramatically worse. Crisis
could turn into catastrophe for families and
businesses across our country.
To Be Continued
Home
Key to Exercises
4. Translation
a. Chinese to English
Translate the following sentences into English.
(5) Called plant factories, these anonymous looking
warehouses have sprung up across the whole world
and churn out immaculate looking lettuces and
green leaves 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
(6) I think, learning English can boil down to three
simple ingredients: persistence, proper ways and
good teachers.
To Be Continued
Home
Key to Exercises
4. Translation
a. Chinese to English
Translate the following sentences into English.
(7) Usually, when we put the blame on others, we
would be blind of our own mistakes. And if we don’t
acknowledge or learn from our own mistakes,
chances are high that we are going to repeat them.
(8) To defuse your anger, try a simple stressmanagement technique. Take a couple of breaths
and think of something that gives you pleasure: a
beautiful scene in nature, someone you love.
Home
Key to Exercises
4. Translation
a. Chinese to English
Translate the following paragraph into English.
Even in rich countries, it will be months before
everyone who wants the vaccine can get it. Poor
countries will get little if any vaccine. The pandemic
vaccine should make you and your family safe from this
virus, but you may not get it for months, if you can get
it at all. Some countries, including the US and the UK,
have ordered enough to vaccinate everyone and
immunization began this month.
To Be Continued
Home
Key to Exercises
4. Translation
a. Chinese to English
Translate the following paragraph into English.
Most poor countries will get only a little, or none.
In rich countries many will still get sick, and some will
die, before they can be vaccinated. And yet even people
who get it are hesitating. Nearly half the parents in the
US say they will refuse to vaccinate their kids, even
though children are a priority group for vaccination, due
to unfounded rumors about the risks of the various
swine flu vaccines.
Home
Key to Exercises
4. Translation
b. English to Chinese
Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
在甲流疫情刚开始的时候， 卫生官员们就已经发现该病毒很
容易传染。 感染甲流的病例不断增加， 仅仅几个星期， 甲
流病毒就已经遍布世界的各个角落。 但是当研究员们了解甲
流是一种新型流感病毒时， 当他们得知人类对其还没有免疫
力时， 当他们发现其传染速度很快时， 他们并不能马上估
量其是否具有致命性。过去的有些流行病是比较温和的， 然
而像导致全世界1亿人丧生的1918年流感之类的流感却是例
外。毕竟才刚开始，没有任何方法可以去证明甲流病毒会是
怎样的一种病毒。
Home
Key to Exercises
4. Translation
b. English to Chinese
Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.
（1） 曾经看起来像是假想的问题现在惊人地变成了现实--即使我们还不清楚这场新近爆发的猪流感会发展成怎样一个
局面：可能只是一起简单的，吓人的事件， 也可能成为一场
全球健康灾难的开始， 也可能是介于这两者之间。
（2）对于健康和急救准备倡导者来说， 这是一个激发公众
开始行动的机会， 因为公众并未抱有这样的观念：为恐怖袭
击，风暴，流感或其他诸如大停电，暴风雪等普遍性的灾害
做好准备。
To Be Continued
Home
Key to Exercises
4. Translation
b. English to Chinese
Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.
（3）在过去的一个星期里，卫生官员甚至连总统都敦促父母们， 至少
组织起来， 考虑一下如果孩子的学校因为流感被停课后他们要做些什么。
（4）如果可能的话， 储备一些额外的你所需的处方药，基本的医疗和
急救用品， 这些东西在流感肆虐期间基本都会缺货， 比如非处方退烧
药， 补水剂和塑料（一次）手套。
（5）加勒特说：最要不得的是惊慌失措。 毕竟， 专家们已经指导人们
如何应对各种灾难有很多年了。 所幸的是， 对这类特殊的可能会发生
的灾难， 我们已经接收到了有力而且及时的警报。
Home
Key to Exercises
5. Writing
Write an essay in English with 150 word at least under the title below.
Drunk Driving
Direction:
1）目前中国酒驾现象时有发生
2）酒驾产生的原因和危害
3）如何杜绝这种现象
Home
Key to Exercises
Nowadays, the phenomenon of drunken driving has aroused wide
concern among the public. Some young people living in metropolis tend to
drive after drinking, ignoring the fact that this behavior may pose underlying
threat to their precious life and may even endanger the lives of others.
Generally speaking, there are several reasons accounting for this
phenomenon. Firstly, the absence of consciousness of driving security may be
one of the leading causes. People participate in more activities or banquets
than ever before, where they will drink strong wine. Then, they may get drunk
but continue to drive. Secondly, as relevant laws and regulations may not have
been strictly enforced to warn people not to drive after drinking. Drunken
driving is bound to generate severe consequence if we keep turning a blind eye
and a deaf ear to it. Thirdly, this behavior will directly threaten the safety of
drivers, passengers and pedestrians, resulting in traffic accidents, injuries and
even deaths. Besides, treating the injured and repairing broken cars mean a
grievous waste of money, time and resources.
To Be Continued
Home
Key to Exercises
Given the seriousness of this problem, effective measures
must be taken before things get worse. It is essential that the
supervisory role of laws and regulations should be strengthened
to impose heavy penalty on those who drive after drinking. Then
a more extensive education campaign should be launched to
arouse the public’s consciousness of the importance of driving
safety. With these measures taken, I believe that drunken driving
will become less and less.
Home
Text B Internet Addition Guide
Key to the Exercises
a. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below.
Change the form where necessary.
(1)compulsive
(2) via
(3)immerse ourselves in
(4) methodology (5) cognitive (6) engage in
(7) namely
(8) illustrate (9) comprise…of
(10) contribute to
Text B In Memoriam: The Mars lander’s legacy
c. Decide whether the statement is TURE or FALSE
according to the text.
(1)F
(6)F
(2) F
(7) T
(3) T
(8) T
(4) F
(9) F
(5) T
(10) F
THANK YOU!
Quit