Chapter 18, p. 409
 Identify
significant composers of the Classical
and Romantic periods in Western music
 Compare and contrast Classical and Romantic
music
 Describe the organization of music forms
 Sonata
 Art
 Tutti
 Sonata
allegro
form
 Coda
 Rondo
 Scherzo
 Romantic period
song
 Lieder
 Program music
 Program
symphony
 Idee fixe
 Tone poem
Franz Joseph Haydn
Hector Berlioz
Franz Shubert
 Age





of Reason-
Era of intellectual enlightenment that began
around 1650
Advances in science and art
Rise of the middle class – more influential
Demand for music for the masses
First public concerts
 Sonata


A work in several movements for one or more
instruments
Primary form of the period
3 or 4 movements




Fast-slow-fast
Fast-slow-dance like-fast
Concerto – sonata for solo instrument and
orchestra
Symphony – sonata for orchestra
 Reflected
scientific thinking
 Simple, direct, more accessible than Baroque
 Order and form were most important
 Music written for specific occasions
 Patronage system


Composers wrote on commission
Composers worked for churches, royal courts, and
private citizens
 Publishing
flourished
 Music evolved into a major cultural force
 Leading
composer of the classical era
 One of the greatest composers of all time
 Wrote in all musical forms
 Tutti –

A section of a concerto in which all the
instruments and/or voices perform together
 Both
used fast-slow-fast
 Mozart’s called for a larger orchestra

Mozart added woodwinds, trumpets, horns, and
timpani
 Mozart
blended the orchestra more with the
solo parts
 Instead of short motives, Mozart used fully
developed themes
 Mozart used more contrast in timbre and
dynamics

Compare the first movement of Vivaldi’s “Spring” from The
Four Seasons with the second movement of Mozart’s Piano
Concerto No. 21.





How are the two orchestras different?
 The Mozart orchestra is larger and makes use of woodwind
tone colors in addition to the strings
Which concerto has more “songlike” melodies?
 The Mozart concerto
Which concerto exhibits the more dramatic contrasts of
dynamics, texture, and density?
 The Vivaldi concerto
How do the roles of solos and accompaniment differ in the two
concertos?
 In the Vivaldi, there is a clear difference between the solo and
the orchestra. The difference in the Mozart is more subtle.
Which concerto uses the more subtle dynamic shading?
 The Mozart
 Symphony

An extended work for orchestra containing several
contrasting movements
 Franz

Father of the Symphony
Born in


Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)
Considered the:


–
Vienna
Worked for the Esterhazy family for 30 years –
patrons

They had a theater for opera, skilled orchestra, and
several talented singers
Esterhazy Palace
Haydn
 Visited
England in 1791 and wrote the
“London” symphonies
 Wrote over 100 symphonies
 Established the overall form of the symphony

4 contrasting movements


Fast-slow-minuet – fast
Minuet A slow and stately French dance in triple meter
 Upheld
the ideals that music should be easily
understood, ordered

Symphony No. 101 in D (The Clock)

What is the meter?


What is the tempo?


Repetition of the clock rhythm
How is contrast accomplished?


ABA
How is a sense of unity achieved?


violins
What is the form of this movement?


8th note rhythm
What instrument plays the main theme?


Andante or moderate tempo
What rhythm might symbolize a “clock”? Why?


Duple
Change of key, dynamics, new material
What in the music suggests that Haydn had a sense of humor?

Using the clock rhythm
Form and organization of the first movement of
the symphony was very important
 Sonata Allegro Form

An ABA form composed of three sections: exposition,
development, and recapitulation
 Exposition (A section)


Development (B section)

An elaboration of one or both themes
Recapitulation (A section)

A presentation of the main music ideas
A restatement or repetition of the main thematic material
Coda

A short concluding section of a piece of music that
essentially ties together the main thematic threads and
ends the piece
 Symphony

No. 40 in g minor by Mozart
Describe the contrast between themes one and
two. (figure 18-1, p. 415)


Which theme has more tension?
 Theme one
Which reflects a strong sense of repose?
 Theme two
 Rondo
A composition consisting of a recurring theme
alternating with contrasting sections
 Activity





4, p. 415 CD 11:18
“Rondo all’Ongarese” “Gypsy Rondo” by Haydn
Decide which of the following organizational
structures reflects the organization of this
composition
1. AAA
2. ABA
3. ABACA
 Ludwig

van Beethoven (1770-1827)
Early years








Born in Bonn, Germany
Humble family
Keyboard virtuoso
Studied composition with Haydn
In 1786 he visited Vienna and found a patron, Count
Waldstein
His mother died of tuberculosis when he was 17
His father died when he was 21
At 27 he began going deaf
 Beethoven
followed the rules of Classicism, in
the beginning
 Later works had a strong dramatic power
combined with a sometimes dreamy quality
 Sonatas – 3 or 4 movements with a break
between

3 movements:


Allegro – adagio – allegro
4 movements: insert a scherzo between the 3rd
and 4th movements

Vigorous and sometimes lighthearted movement in
triple meter with a middle section or trio
 Each
movement had a specific organization
 1st movement – sonata



allegro from: AABA
2nd movement – sonata allegro form or a set of
variations on a theme
3rd movement – 3 part form
4th movement – rondo or sonata allegro form
 Emotional
unity and expressive order hold
together the movements in the sonata
 1st
movement – sets a somber mood
 2nd movement – pensive
 3rd movement – tragic
 Activity 5, p. 418
 His
symphonies mark the change from
Classical to Romantic
 Symphony No. 5 in c minor



Expresses conflict with incredible force and
emotion
Opens with a simple pattern that is one of the
most identifiable motives in history
The motive is used throughout the work in
different ways
 Activity
6, CD 11:22 p. 419 – listen for the two
themes of this symphony.
 Premiered
in Vienna in 1824
 Follows emotional progression from darkness
to light
 Beethoven was totally deaf when he wrote this
 The fourth movement sings of the triumph of
the human spirit over adversity
 Beethoven added a chorus

The text is from “Ode to Joy” by German poet
Friedrich von Schiller
 Activity
7, p. 420
 Opens
with discord
 Orchestra sounds at war with itself
 A strain of the “Joy” theme is heard but
dismissed
 The entire orchestra states the them
 More rebellion
 Solo baritone calls for the people to rejoice
 The mood becomes more joyful as more voice
then the orchestra take up the theme
 Analyze
the fourth movement of Beethoven’s
Ninth Symphony




What is there about this music and this theme that
is uplifting?
As you listen, follow the text and translation. Why
does it help to know the meaning of the words?
How is the tension in the orchestra evident as it
builds to the statement of the “joy” theme?
What, if anything, does Beethoven do to alter the
“Joy” theme?
 Romantic

A period during the 19th century and early 20th
century when composers created music that often
exploded with emotions
 Romantic




period-
music
Revolt against formalism of the Classical era
Emancipate human feeling
World shaking emotional outbursts
The art song

A composition for solo voice and piano
A favorite of the Romantic period
 1797-1828
 Most
respected creators of German song
 Wrote simple short, popular songs
 Studied violin, piano, organ, singing, and
theory
 He captured the emotional essence of a poem
in his music
 Wrote 600 Lieder
German art song
 Text
is from a poem by Goethe
 It describes a struggle between the father of a
gravely ill son and the phantom figure,
Erlking
 Written for a baritone
 The singer changes his voice to fit the
different characters
 Through-composed
Different music is provided for each stanza of a
poem
 Schubert
unity
uses a triplet rhythm to provide
“The Erlking”
 How does the singer help you to know when the
speaker changes?



How does Schubert use dynamics to help you tell
who is speaking


The Erlking always speaks with a hushed tone, like a
ghost. The child screams with greater intensity
How many times does Schubert interrupt the
repeated triplets in the piano accompaniment?


The singer’s expression
three
Which one of the characters in the story speaks
without the triplet figure?

The Erlking, until the end
 Program




music-
Instrumental compositions that attempt to
convey a specific idea without using lyrics
Term coined by Franz Liszt (1811-1886)
Program music was taken a step further by Hector
Berlioz (1803-1869) to develop the program
symphony
Program symphony
A pictorial or descriptive orchestral work in several
movements
 Born
in France
 Studied medicine
 Poured his emotions into his music
 Revealed his love for his future wife in his
music
 Inspired by literature
5
movements that tell a story about a sensitive
young musician with a wild imagination
 Uses idee fixe
A fixed melodic idea that recurs throughout all
movements of a symphony
 The
idee fixe in Symphonie Fantastique
represents the main character’s beloved
 Activity 11, p. 427 CD 12:3


“March to the Scaffold”
Figure 18-4, p. 428
 Composers
began to use their music to show
nationalistic pride
 They included folk songs and dances
 Tone poem
A type of program music written for textual
materials including stories or plays
 Symphonic

poem-
A long tone poem with multiple movements
 Written
by Bedrich Smetana (1824-1884)
 Inspired by an excursion down the River
Moldau, the longest river in the Czech
Republic
 Dedicated to his Czechoslovakian homeland
 Activity 12, CD 12:4, p. 430
 Modest
Mussorgsky – embodies the spirit of
Russian nationalism
 Pictures at an Exhibition (1873) a tone poem
composed for piano depicting different
artworks by Victor Hartman

Movements are connected by the “Promenade”
theme
 “The



Great of Kiev”
Finale of Pictures at an Exhibition
Depicts a majestic nationalistic statement that
conveys the dignity and stateliness of Hartmann’s
design for a ceremonial gate planned for the
Russian city of Kiev.
Compare 3 versions of Mussorgsky’s work



Piano
Orchestra
Brass ensemble
 Richard
Wagner (1813-1883) – German
nationalistic composer




Stormy and egotistical
Showed unconstrained emotion
Explored expressive qualities of various
instruments
Could wring every drop of expressiveness out of an
orchestra
 The
Ring of Nibelung – based on Nordic
legends
 4 full operas




Die Gotterdammerung – The Twilight of the Gods
The Rhine Gold
The Valkyrie
Siegfried
 “Siegfried’s
Funeral Music” from Die
Gotterdammerung


How does Wagner use instruments to convey
Siegfried’s good deeds, his heroism, and his tragic
end?
This work has the form of a funeral march. What
qualities of the piece create the sense of solemnity
and grief associated with a funeral?
 In
the years before World War I, the world
turned against the extreme emotions of the
Romantic Era


Richard Strauss (1864-1949)
Sergei Rachmanioff (1873-1943)
Richard Strauss
Sergei Rachmanioff
 Rondo

A composition consisting of a recurring theme
alternating with contrasting sections
 Scherzo

A vigorous and sometimes lighthearted movement
in triple meter with a middle section or trio
 Sonata

A work in several movements for one or more
instruments
 Tone

poem
A type of program music written for textual
materials including stories or plays
 Tutti

A section of a concerto in which all the
instruments and/or voices perform together
 Program

A pictorial or descriptive orchestral work in
several movements
 Program

symphony
music
Instrumental compositions that attempt to convey
a specific idea without using lyrics
 Lieder

German art songs
 Coda

A short concluding section of a piece of music that
essentially ties together the main thematic threads
 Art

song
A composition for solo voice and piano
 Wolfgang



Leading composer of the classical era
Used longer fully developed themes
Wrote:

Piano Concerto No. 21
 Franz

Joseph Haydn
Considered:


Amadeus Mozart
“Father of the Symphony”
Wrote:


Symphony No. 101 in D (The Clock)
Using what form?
 Sonata-allegro form
 Ludwig



Spanned the Classical and Romantic periods
Keyboard virtuoso
Wrote:




Piano Sonata in c minor (Pathetique)
Symphony No. 5 in c minor
“Ode to Joy” theme
Symphony No. 9 in d minor
 Franz


van Beethoven
Schubert
Wrote over 600 lieder
Wrote:

“The Erlking”
 Hector

Berlioz
Wrote:

Symphonie Fantastique (Fantastic Symphony)
 Bedrich

Wrote:

“The Moldau”
 Modest


Smetana
Mussorgsky
Music embodied the spirit of Russian nationalism
Wrote:

Pictures at an Exhibition
 Richard

German composer known for writing …


Wagner
Opera
Wrote :

The Ring of the Nibelung (The Ring Cycle)
 Classical



Orderly
Followed set forms
restrained
 Romantic



Dramatic
Emotional outbursts
Supercharged
expression
 Mozart




Same organization –
fast, slow, fast
Larger ensemble,
added woodwinds,
brass, & timpani
Blended solo parts
with full orchestra
Longer, full
developed themes
 Vivaldi
Fast, slow, fast
 Smaller ensemble,
just strings
 Alternated tutti and
solo
 Short motives
