Italian & German Unification
Chapter 24 Section 1 and 2
Pages 713-722
Bonds of a Nation-State
Bond
Nationality
Language
Culture
History
Religion
Territory
Definition
US example
Nationalism
What is nationalism?




The belief that the greatest loyalty should be to a nation of
people who share a common culture & history
Nationalism that unifies culturally similar lands
and people
Nationalism that separates culturally different
lands and people
Italy
1. Why wasn’t
Italy united
before 1850?
Middle Ages:
competing city-states
1.
Why wasn’t
Italy united
before 1850?
2. Metternich
believed
wanted to
maintain old
Europe (preNapoleon)
Congress of Vienna (1815):
reorganized provinces
Italy is split into 3
separate groups
1.Northern Italy
was under Austrian
rule
2.Other parts under
French Rule
3.Another part
under Hapsburgs
Rule
Congress of Vienna ignored
national groups, placing groups
under the control of large empires
with different ethnicities
Key Events
Early 1860:
unification of N Italy
Late 1860:
unification of N & S
1866:
Venice added
1870:
Rome added
The Soul: Mazzini (1805-1872)
 Giuseppe Mazzini was a popular writer
whose goal was to unite Italy
 Launched
a group call Young Italy
 Was exiled for his outspoken nationalism
 Smuggled patriotic pamphlets into Italy
 Believe that Europe need to redraw the lines
 Attracted tens of thousands to Italian
Unification cause
The Soul: Mazzini (1805-1872)
The Duties of Man:
“O my brothers, love your
Country! Our country is
our Home, the house that
God has given us, placing
therein a numerous
family that loves us, and
whom we love…”
The Idealist Patriot
Uprising and Revolutions
 Mazzini had help Italians realize their destiny
 Nationalist inspired revolutions began to pop up on Italy
Northern State of Piedmont declared war on Austria
 Lost after 1 year with Piedmont defeats
 Northern States are not liberated from Austrian Empire
 Revolutionaries seized Rome
 Set up a Republic that Mazzini and 2 others governed
 French troops would help the pope regain control
 Sardinia was the only successful revolt
 Revolutionaries forced rulers of Sardinia to adopt a new
constitution and remain independent

 Revolutionary failures do not weaken Nationalist
movement
The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861)
 Cavour express
nationalist movement is
still strong enough t0
unite Italy even with
difference
 Goal is to unite Italy
 Becomes Prime Minister
of Sardinia



Builds Sardinia Economy
Believes that all of Italy’s
Economy must thrive
Achieves in gaining a power
ally in France
Noble Statesman in
Sardinian Government, 1850-1861
The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861)
 Supports France in war
with Russia.


In return France gives
Sardinia providence of Savoy
and Nice
France also will support
Sardinia in a war with
Austria.
 By 1860 the Northern
Italian States w/o
Venetia were liberated
from Austrian control
and united
The Sword: Garibaldi (1807-1882)
 Goal was to Unify Italy
 Lived in exile in S. America
Military Leader
were he learn Guerilla warfare
 Helped in defeating Austria in
North Unification
 Led RED SHIRTS, his army of
1000 soldiers towards the
South and the Kingdom of the 2
Sicily
 Conquered island of Sicily then
head towards Naples
The Sword: Garibaldi (1807-1882)
 The North and South are
conquered and united
 Only Venetia and Papal States
not unified…
 Austria controls Venetia
 Austria and Prussia go to war
 Italians side with Prussia
 Prussians win and give
Italians Venetia
 France and Prussia go to war
 France pulls out of
Rome(Papal States)
 Unification is complete.
5. What did the new, unified Italy look like?
Government:
Divisions between:
 parliamentary monarchy
 social classes (rich/poor)
(King Victor Emmanuel)
 Limited suffrage (most
adult males)
 Limited working hours
 No Child Labor
 Improved cities and
industry


New taxes led to
poverty/unemployment
huge numbers emigrating to
America (4.5M)
 regions (N/S)


South resented being ruled
by Rome
Catholic Church would not
let Catholics vote out of
resentment
GROG 24.1
Identify Cause and Effect Using your notes,
fill in the interactive graphic organizer by
listing causes and effects of Italian
unification and by indicating which effects
were positive and which were negative
5 Points
Germany
(1871)
Bell Ringer
24.2
Monarchy
– 1 ruler to
make
decisions
Republicpublic votes
 Suppose you are
Giuseppe Garibaldi.
Write a letter to
Camillo di Cavour,
explaining why you
believe a unified Italy
would be better off as
a republic than a
monarchy (5 Points)
Entities:
Holy Roman
Empire
loose affiliation
of ≈300 German
states
German
Confederation
loose affiliation
of 39 German
states
1815-1866
replaced HRE
purpose: military
defense
All have common
language and
culture
People: Frederick William IV
Steps towards unification
 King of Prussia (r. 1840-1861)
 1848: revolution



Agrees new liberal constitution
Agrees Prussian-led German
unification
Promises reforms to increase
individual rights
 The people are ready to
unite

Once all had settled down he
went back on his promises
Zollverein
Steps towards unification
 German customs union
founded in 1834 to ↑
economy



Allowed for removal of tariffs
amongst German States
Business people would want
unification
Railroads to connects states
 Prussia = leader
 included all German
states but Austria b/c
Austria did not want to ↓
tariffs
Otto von Bismarck
 Prussian Prime Minister

(r. 1861-1888)
 Philosophy


Practiced REALPOLITIK
practical government not
idealistic

Practical goals not make
believe

Conservative who did not
believe in revolutions

believed it was Prussia’s
destiny to unite Germany
Otto von Bismarck
 led German unification


Increased size of military
Unification could not be done
with speeches but with “Blood
and Iron”

War and Industry
 Parliament will not agree to
raise taxes to fund this


Bismarck dismisses Parliament
and collects taxes on his own
Builds Prussian Army into great
war machine to unite Germany
Bismarck's 1st War
 Prussia believes that Schleswig and Holstein should
be controlled by German Confederation


Disagreement over control of
Schleswig and Holstein was a way to
Start a war with Denmark
Prussia forms and alliance
with Austria to defeat Denmark
Prussia would control Schleswig
Austria would control Holstein
Do you see an issue with this?
Austria
 Austria vs. Prussia over control of German affairs



Austria opposes Prussia’s 1848 unification attempt
Austria refuses Zollverein membership
Austro-Prussian War (1866)
Bismarck lays the ground work for war
 Bismarck met with the Italian minister
 If Italy support Prussia in war with Austria that Italy could
have Venetia
 Bismarck meets with Napoleon III (France)
 France will remain neutral if war breaks out
 Bismarck provokes Austria into war by putting
troops in Holstein



Austria declares war on Prussia
Prussia blames Austria for starting war
Uses nationalism for support of war
Austro-Prussian War (1866)
Outcome:
 Prussian
victory
 Austria withdraws
 ***creation of North
German
Confederation***
 Only 3 southern
states remained
un-unified
North German
Confederation
Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
 Cause:



drive south German states to
unify with the north
France = common enemy
Alsace and Lorraine

Mostly Germans controlled by
France
 Outcome:



German Empire / “Second Reich”
(1871-1918)
Prussian victory
***German unification
achieved***
 German nationalism
What did the new, unified Germany look like?
 25 states
 parliamentary monarchy
 strong national government:
 Power shared between states and Federal Government (US)
 emperor (Kaiser) Wilhelm I
 Chancellor Bismarck
 2-house parliament

Reichstag = lower house (universal male suffrage)
 Men over age of 25 (reality is there were many restrictions)
 Germany would become a new powerful empire
Ch Ch Ch Changes
Church
Economics
 Bismarck passed laws
 France paid Germany
limiting the catholic
churches power and
influence (HRE)
 Kulturekampf
reparations for FrancoPrussian War
 Germany used money to
build railroads to link
states
 Germany quickly caught
up with Europe in
Industrialization

Struggle for culture
Social
Reforms
Industry has its
critics
Socialist believe
Industry have harsh
conditions
State should control
Industry
Socialist are blamed
for 2 attempts of
assassination on
emperor
 Bismarck will try to destroy
socialism
 Sought to destroy it appeal to
German people by enacting its his
reforms
 He pushed legislation to provide
benefits for health, accidents, old
age, and disability
Bismarck and Wilhelm II
 Bismarck was not interested in furthering Germany’s
border
 He see France as a continued threat

Bismarck would secure alliances with Austria-Hungry, Italy
and Russia to protect each other from attack
 Wilhelm I grandson, Wilhelm II becomes Kaiser
 After a disagreement Wilhelm II will fire Bismarck
 Wilhelm II will continue to make
alliances and build up the most
powerful military forces in Europe
Using your notes, fill in the graphic organizer by
listing causes and effects of German unification
 GROG 24.2 5 Points
Austria-Hungary and the
Ottoman Empire
CHAPTER 24 SEC 3
PAGES 723-272
Bell Ringer 24.3 5 Points
 Imagine you are a reporter and are
about to interview Otto von Bismarck.
Write three short questions you will ask
him about German unification and
answer them how you feel that he
would answer them.
The Austrian Empire
At the beginning of the 1800s, the Hapsburg family had controlled much of the
region for nearly four centuries. But this powerful empire would not remain
intact through the remainder of the 1800s.
Resistance to
Change
• Austrian emperor,
Foreign Minister
Metternich tried to
maintain power of
monarchy, empire
Carlsbad Decrees
• Metternich called
meeting of
Confederation,
passed Carlsbad
Decrees
• Metternich accused
universities of
creating
revolutionaries
• Prohibited any
reforms that
conflicted with
absolute monarchy
Other Prohibitions
• Decrees
established
censorship of
newspapers
• Created secret
police to spy on
students suspected
of revolutionary
activities
Resistance to Change
Metternich not only created restrictive laws for
empire
 Formed alliances with other European powers
trying to prevent nationalist revolutions
 Congress of Troppau, 1820


Called by Metternich, leaders of other powers
Leaders agreed to provide military intervention to support
governments against internal revolution
Turmoil in Europe, Austria
• Metternich able to protect power of Austrian Empire for few years
• Events in Europe, changes in empire eventually caught up with him
• Revolutions in France, Italy, German states set off revolts in Austrian Empire;
people with different nationalities wanted independence
Revolution
• Demonstrators, army clashed in streets of Vienna
• Frightened emperor Ferdinand ordered Metternich to resign
• Metternich fled Austria
• 1848, Ferdinand abdicated, throne went to nephew, Franz Josef I
Resistance to Change
During long reign, Franz Josef I ruled over
unstable empire
 1848, Hungarian Magyars rebelled against Austrian rule
Almost won independence
 Czar Nicholas I of Russia sent troops to help Austria
crush revolt
 Franz Josef I abolished liberal reforms of 1848, but could
not stamp out nationalism
 Revoked new constitution, stopped revolution
temporarily

The Dual Monarchy
Franz Josef I could not stop the nationalist movement.
Change came in the form of the Dual Monarchy.
Forming a New Government
• As nationalist movement
continued in Europe, Austria lost
Lombardy to Italy, 1859
• 1866, Austria’s defeat by Prussia
brought new demands from
Hungarians
• Franz Josef I, Hungarian
nationalist movement leaders
reached agreement, Compromise
of 1867
Compromise of 1867
• Created dual monarchy of AustriaHungary
• Austria, Hungary became two
separate, equal states with one
ruler, Franz Josef I
• Ruler’s title: emperor of Austria,
king of Hungary
• Each had own parliament, shared
ministries of war, finance, foreign
affairs
An Uneven Solution
Rural and Industrial
• Dual Monarchy lasted about 50
years, until 1918
• Eased pressure for nationalism;
also had economic advantages
• Rural, agricultural Hungary
could provide raw materials,
food
• Industrialized Austria could
provide industrial products
Unrest
• Unrest in empire did not go
away; divisions remained
among various nationalities
• Austrian Germans, Hungarian
Magyars did not speak same
language
• Ethnic minorities received little
benefit from Dual Monarchy,
continued to seek selfgovernment
Multi Ethnic Groups= Many nationalisms
The Ottoman Empire
• Like Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire existed for centuries, controlled vast
multiethnic territory
• Within borders many different religious, ethnic groups—Greeks, Bulgarians,
Turks, Kurds, Arabs, Jews
• Empire in decline since late 1600s, could not survive changes of 1800s
Empire in Decline
• Early 1800s, Ottoman Empire could
not defend self against
independence movement, external
threats
• 1830, Greece had gained
independence; Russia controlled
Caucasus; Serbia self-ruled
The Eastern Question
• Situation created “Eastern
Question”—what would happen if
Ottoman Empire collapsed?
• Russia wanted Constantinople,
access to Mediterranean
• French, British aided Ottoman
Empire, held Russia off
The Crimea- Dispute over the Holy Land
Holy Land
Russian Invasion
• Ottomans, Europeans had dispute
over Holy Land
• Ottomans denied Orthodox
Christians same rights
• Ottomans gave Roman Catholics
control of Palestine holy places
• Russians invaded Ottoman
territories
Great Britain, France
Stalemate
• Great Britain saw Russia as
potential threat to India interest
• Crimean War ended in stalemate,
caused half million deaths
• Allied with France
• Nurse Florence Nightingale saved
many lives threatened by disease
and over crowding in field hospitals
during war
• Both joined Ottoman Empire in war
against Russia
Falling Apart
The Balkans
Hot Spot
• Balkans another hot spot in Ottoman Empire
• Nationalism in Europe created discontent among ethnic groups in region—
Serbs, Romanians, Bulgarians, Albanians, Greeks all wanted independence
Conflicts and Wars
• Rising nationalism, competing interests of European countries led to series of
conflicts, wars in 1800s, early 1900s
• Russia involved in several conflicts in Balkans
Route to Mediterranean
• Russians saw Balkans/Constantinople as route to Mediterranean, wanted to
gain
• Great Britain, France looking out for own interests, sometimes sided with
Russia, sometimes sided with Ottomans
National Ties
Balkan Wars
• Germany, Austria wanted to secure Austrian control over ethnic groups
• At end, Balkan Wars cost Ottoman Empire most of its land in Europe
• Balkan issues far from settled
Constantinople
• With Russian troops almost at gates of Constantinople, European powers
became alarmed
• 1878, Prussia hosted Congress of Berlin to discuss situation
Congress of Berlin
• Real purpose to overturn gains Russia had made against Ottomans
• Gave Austria-Hungary land in Balkans with no consideration to ethnic,
national ties; led to conflicts for years to come
Political Reform
Conflict
Representative Government
• 1908, nationalist group Young
Turks began revolution
• Young Turks devoted to
restoring constitution
• Young Turks fighting against
absolute power of sultan, ruler
of Ottoman Empire
• Revolution helped ensure more
representative, liberal
government
• Education improved,
government took steps to
provide individual liberties
Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 4
COLOR TRANSPARENCY 134: EUROPE,
1803 AND 1914
5 of 6
Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 4
NOTE TAKING TRANSPARENCY 141
4 of 6
Using your notes, fill in the graphic
organizer by identifying the effects of
nationalism in Austria, Hungary, and the
Ottoman Empire. (5 Points)
Unrest in Russia
CHAPTER 24 SEC 4
PAGES 728-732
Bell Ringer 24.4
YOU BELONG TO A MINORITY ETHNIC
GROUP IN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. WRITE A
LETTER TO EMPEROR FRANZ JOSEPH I
OUTLINING WHY YOUR GROUP SHOULD
HAVE INDEPENDENCE. USE DETAILS FROM
THE CHAPTER IN YOUR NOTES.
(5 POINTS)
Unrest in Russia
Main Idea
In the 1800s and early 1900s, Russians rebelled against the
absolute power of the czar and demanded social reforms.
Reading Focus
• What was government and society like in Russia in the first
half of the 1800s?
• What were some examples of reform and repression in
Russia?
• How did war and revolution affect Russia in the early 1900s?
Government and Society
Huge Empire
• Russia one of great powers of
Europe, first half 1800s
• Troops helped defeat
Napoleon; leaders helped
reorganize Europe after his fall
• Russia very different from other
European powers
• Empire huge, stretched
eastward far into Asia, included
many different ethnic groups
Absolute Power
• To govern large, diverse
empire, Russian monarchs
ruled with absolute power
• Called czars, controlled most
aspects of Russian life
• Believed in autocracy,
government by one leader with
unlimited powers
Serfdom
Agricultural Society
• Russian society under czars mostly agricultural
• Unlike other European countries, Russia had not industrialized
• Much of population, serfs—workers considered part of land they worked
Serfs
• Controlled by lords, wealthy nobles who owned land
• Technically not slaves; living conditions, lack of freedom, resembled slavery
• Not allowed to leave property where born; did not own land they worked
Societal Problem
• Serfs had to make regular payments of goods, labor to lords
• Some in government wanted to improve conditions, unable to make reforms
• Russian serfdom way of life, a major problem in Russian society
G A M B L I N G WI TH THE L I V ES O F
SERFS
4 of 6
Reform and Repression
Russians wanted more freedoms. But Russia’s conservative czars were
resistant to reform, which led to revolts, unrest, and repression.
The Decembrist Revolt
Nicholas’s Response
• Secret societies formed to fight
against czar’s rule
• Nicholas responded by crushing
rebellion
• Saw opportunity for change with
death of Alexander I, 1825
• Many Decembrists captured, sent
to Siberia, isolated region in far
eastern Russia
• One group called Decembrists
– Included military officers
– 3,000 soldiers assembled
near Winter Palace
– Refused to declare allegiance
to new czar, Nicholas I
• Five Decembrists executed
• Decembrist revolt failed, but
began revolutionary movement in
Russia destined to grow in years
ahead
Reforms of Alexander II
Russia Lagging Behind
• Alexander II came to power after Nicholas, 1855, near end of Crimean War
• Loss of war showed Russia far behind rest of Europe
• Did not have modern technology, industry to build competitive military
Reforms
• Alexander II began program of reforms
• 1861, freed Russia’s serfs, gave them right to own land as part of commune
• Believed terrible living conditions could bring rebellion
Economy
• Alexander II hoped giving serfs own land would build market economy
• Government set up system for peasants to buy land they worked on from
landowner, usually with government help
Reform and Repression
Alexander II made other reforms to
modernize Russia
 Set up new judicial system
 Allowed some local self-government
 Reorganized army, navy
 Despite reforms, revolutionary movements continued to
gain strength, call for more changes
 1881, radical group, The People’s Will, assassinated Czar
Alexander II
Unrest Under Alexander II
• Alexander’s son, Alexander III, became next czar
• Alexander III a reactionary, wanted to go back to way things were in past,
ended father’s reforms
• Responded to revolutionary threats by going after individuals, groups
suspected of plotting against government
Different Form of Unrest
• Mobs began attacking Jews, killing
them, destroying property
• Attacks known as pogroms; first
wave began after Alexander II
assassinated
• Some wrongly blamed Jews
• Government did not stop attacks
Industrialization under Nicholas
• 1894, Nicholas II crowned
• Autocratic ruler, developed industry
• 1890s, Russia began building
Trans-Siberian Railroad to link
western Russia with Siberia
• Expansion east would lead to war
War and Revolution
Expansion East
• Russia expanded east
• Came into conflict with another
imperial power—Japan
• At same time, revolution
brewing
Growing Unrest
• Defeat shocked many
Russians, added to unrest
revolution movements would
not weaken
• One group calling for change,
Marxists—followed communist
theories of Karl Marx
War With Japan
• Early 1900s, Japan building
empire, viewed Russia as threat
• 1904, Japanese forces
attacked, defeated Russia in
Russo-Japanese War
Marxist Ideas
• Wanted to create socialist
republic—no private property,
state to own, distribute goods
• 1902, Vladimir Lenin called for
revolution to overthrow czar
The Revolution of 1905
• 1905, many Russians ready to rebel against czar
• January 22, Orthodox priest, Father Gapon, brought petition to czar at
Winter Palace, listing number of demands
• Troops fired at group; hundreds died; day known as Bloody Sunday
Revolution Begins
• Bloody Sunday inspired many sectors of society to rise up against czar;
rebellions broke out, czar’s strict rules disobeyed
• Workers went on strike, students protested in streets
• Czar promised reform, but did not follow through
• Massive strike in October; 2 million workers protested in streets
The October Manifesto
In response to the Russian Revolution of 1905 and strikes, Nicholas II issued
the October Manifesto, an official promise for reform and a more democratic
government, but would not give up all of his absolute power.
Provisions
• Manifesto promised
constitution
• Individual liberties
to all, including
freedom of speech,
assembly
• Many gained right
to vote
Duma
• Voters would elect
representatives to
the Duma,
assembly to
approve all laws
• Czar continue to
rule, but not pass
laws without
approval of Duma
End Revolution
• Nicholas II hoped
Manifesto would
end revolution
• Did not achieve
balance between
own power,
democracy
• People still wanted
reform
GROG 24.4
USING YOUR NOTES, FILL IN THE
INTERACTIVE GRAPHIC ORGANIZER BY
RANKING THREE MAJOR PROBLEMS
FACING RUSSIAN SOCIETY IN THE LATE
1800S AND EARLY 1900S.