Historical Connections with:
Holland, Italy, France,
Hungary and Turkey
Morcan Mihaela
Historical connections between Romania
and Turkey: historical personalities.
Suleiman I the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
(6 November 1494 – 7 September 1566)
known as “the Magnificent” in the West and
•Michael the Brave (Romanian: Mihai Viteazu
“Kanuni”.
pronounced or Mihai Bravu , Hungarian: Vitéz
Mihály; 1558 – August 9, 1601) was the Prince of Suleiman became a prominent monarch of 16thcentury Europe, presiding over the apex of the
Wallachia (1593–1601), of Transylvania (1599–
Ottoman Empire's military, political and economic
1600), and of Moldavia (1600). He united the
three principalities under a single rule for a short power. Under his rule, the Ottoman fleet
dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the
period of time.
Red Sea and through the Persian Gulf. At the
•His rule over Wallachia began in the autumn of
helm of an expanding empire, Suleiman personally
1593. Two years later, war with the Ottomans
instituted major legislative changes relating to
began, a conflict in which the Prince fought the
Battle of Călugăreni, considered one of the most society, education, taxation, and criminal law. The
"Golden" age of the Ottoman Empire in its artistic,
important battles of his reign. Although the
literary and architectural development. Suleiman
Wallachians emerged victorious from the battle,
Michael was forced to retreat with his troops and was well educated and spoke five languages. In a
break with Ottoman tradition, Suleiman married
wait for aid from his allies, Prince Sigismund
Roxelana, a former Christian girl converted to
Báthory of Transylvania and Holy Roman
Islam from his harem, who became subsequently
Emperor Rudolf II. The war continued until a
known and influential as Hürrem Sultan.
peace finally emerged in January 1597, but this
lasted for only a year and a half. Peace was
again reached in late 1599, when Michael was
unable to continue
•the war due to lack of support from his allies.
Turkey: events
Lifestyle Events and Festivals
Lifestyle events in Turkey are a quirky mix. From international
fairs to Turkish traditional festivals, Turkey hosts many events with
global reach.
Looking for new market trends or buying luxury products, unique
and exclusive, the lifestyle Turkish events has it all. There are
remarkable events stored for all ages and groups, leisure and
business sectors. From home decor to fashion, sports to
education, food to entertainment, lifestyle events in Turkey deliver
an exceptional experience for the visitors.
Classical Music Events
Turkey is home to the world's most important classical music
festivals and events. Plenty of classical music festivals are held
in Turkey every year. Along with music festivals of local scale
held in almost every city of the country, cultural events and
other festivals of international reach are also organized in major
metropolitan centers such as Istanbul, Izmir, Antalya and
Ankara.
Sport Events
Connect to your sporting passion in Turkey, which hosts everything from
international tennis matches, cycling tour and water sports to motor-racing events
and Turkish Grand Prix.
It is easy to go sports mad in Turkey, which hosts events for motor-race fans, tennis
lovers and swimmers. Get a courtside view of the tennis greats at the Istanbul WTA
Championschip or experience the excitement of the uniquely Kirkpinar Oil Wrestling
Championships. See the Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey and smell the rubber at
glamorous motor-racing events such as the Formula One Turkish Grand Prix.
The influences of Turkey in
Romania
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Turkish political influence in Romania
from the 16th Century until 1881 is well
documented. Historical records also
provide numerous references to Turkish
music in Romania which together with
certain survivals in the form of instruments
and musical forms serve to delineate the
broader outlines of the potential area of
influence of Turkish music on certain
Romanian musical practices.
Historical connections between Romania
and Holland: historical personalities.
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William I, Prince of Orange (24 April 1533 – 10
July 1584), also widely known as William the
Silent (Dutch: Willem de Zwijger), or simply William
of Orange (Dutch: Willem van Oranje), was the
main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish
that set off the Eighty Years' War and resulted in the
formal independence of the United Provinces in
1648. He was born in the House of Nassau as
Count of Nassau-Dillenburg. He became Prince of
Orange in 1544 and is thereby the founder of the
branch House of Orange-Nassau and the ancestor
of the monarchy of the Netherlands.
A wealthy nobleman, William originally served the
Habsburgs as a member of the court of Margaret of
Parma, governor of the Spanish Netherlands.
Unhappy with the centralisation of political power
away from the local estates and with the Spanish
persecution of Dutch Protestants, William joined the
Dutch uprising and turned against his former
masters. The most influential and politically capable
of the rebels, he led the Dutch to several successes
in the fight against the Spanish. Declared an outlaw
by the Spanish king in 1580, he was assassinated
by Balthasar Gérard (also written as "Gerardts") in
Delft four years later (1584).
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Dimitrie Cantemir ( 1673–1723) was twice
Prince of Moldavia (in March–April 1693 and
in 1710–1711). He was also a prolific man of
letters – philosopher, historian, composer,
musicologist, linguist, ethnographer, and
geographer.
His name is Dmitriy Konstantinovich
Kantemir in Russian, Dimitri Kantemiroğlu in
Turkish, Dymitr Kantemir in Polish, and
Dimitrios Kantimiris in Greek. In 1714
Cantemir became a member of the Royal
Academy of Berlin. Between 1711 and 1719
he wrote his most important creations.
Cantemir was known as one of the greatest
linguists of his time, speaking and writing
eleven languages, and being well versed in
Oriental scholarship.
Holland : events

Amsterdam light festival
Centred on the theme of ‘Building with Light’, the
second edition of the event features a canal
cruise and walking route taking in this year’s
selection of spectacular illuminated artworks.
An extensive side programme will also see a
host of activities and events take place at
museums, theatres, restaurants, shops and
other locations in Amsterdam.
Tulips to admire in the Noordoostpolder
Every year thousands of people come to see the
tulip fields of the Noordoostpolder. The tulip
bulbs that were planted a few months ago, have
now transformed acres of land into a colorful
spectacle.
The Tulip Festival offers a special route which
takes you along the most beautiful and
panoramic tulip fields in this polder. You can
choose between hiking, biking, horse carriage
rides and covered wagon tours. You can also
combine your tulip tour with cultural attractions
and culinary experiences. You can stay overnight
at numerous campsites and farms.
Historical connections between Romania
and Hungary: historical personalities.
Stephen I, also Saint Stephen, was the
last Grand Prince of the Hungarians
between 997 and 1000 or 1001, and the
first King of Hungary from 1000 or 1001
until his death in 1038. He was born as
Vajk in Esztergom. The year of his birth is
uncertain, but many details of his life
suggest that he was born in or after 975.
He was the only son of Grand Prince Géza
and his wife, Sarolt, who was descended
from the prominent family of the gyulas.
Although both of his parents were
baptized, Stephen was the first member of
his family to become a devout Christian.
He married Gisela of Bavaria, a scion of
the imperial Ottonian dynasty.
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Stefan the Great (1433 – July 2, 1504 )
was Prince of Moldavia between 1457
and 1504 and the most prominent
representative of the House of Mușat.
Stephen achieved fame in Europe for
his long resistance against the Ottomans.
He was victorious in 46 of his 48 battles,
and was one of the first to gain a decisive
victory over the Ottomans at the Battle of
Vaslui, after which Pope Sixtus IV
deemed him (true Champion of Christian
Faith) .
Vlad III Dracula was Stephen’s the Great
first cousin and he helped him to win
many battles in those times.
Stefan the Great was canonized by
Romanian Orthodox Church and was
buried at Putna Monastery.
Hungary: events
Budapest Spring Festival
Pulling together the best in classical music,
opera, jazz and folk music, this annual
festival is the largest cultural event in
Hungary. A multitude of venues throughout
the city welcome both, Hungarian and
international performers. Budapest
celebrates its 34th Spring Festival.
Sziget Festival
Sziget Festival is one of the largest music festivals in the
world and certainly the best party-filled week of the year in
Hungary. Around 400,000 people come every August to the
'Sziget' for a week of music and entertainment. The
organizers teamed up to present the hottest concerts of the
day featuring well known international artists, the cream of
Hungarian bands and rising stars.
The Budapest International Wine Festival
Over the past years The Budapest International Wine Festival has truly come of
age and is now one of the most prestigious events of its kind in Hungary. Enjoy
many popular events, including a Wine University, a wine auction, an arts festival
and several live performances. Last year the festival attracted tens of thousands of
visitors making it one of the largest wine festivals in the country. The International
Wine Festival in Buda Castle Hill is an experience for everyone who wants to learn
about the art of wine making, sample some of the best Hungarian wines, meet
notable wine makers and enjoy Hungarian gastronomy and folk music all in a
breathtaking setting.
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The Influence of Trade Unions on Pension Reform in Romania and
Hungary: The Role of Ideas, Interests and Institutions in PolicyMaking . Although both Romania and Hungary have inherited payas-you-go defined benefit pensions systems, they have both moved
towards a three-pillar pensions system, in which PAYG-DB becomes
just one of three pillars together with the mandatory and the
voluntary private pension funds.
Trade unions have had an important influence on pension reform in
both countries. The analysis of pension reform in Hungary and
Romania brings evidence that trade unions’ influence on policymaking is not uniform, but it is shaped by the international policy
discourse, by the institutional setting, by their relationship with other
policy actors, by their organisational culture and even material
inheritance.
Historical connections between Romania
and France: historical personalities.

Alexandru Ioan Cuza , or Alexandru Ioan I, also
anglicised as Alexander John Cuza; 20 March 1820
– 15 May 1873 was Prince of Moldavia, Prince of
Wallachia, and later Domnitor (ruler) of the
Romanian Principalities. He was a prominent figure
of the Revolution of 1848 in Moldavia. He initiated a
series of reforms that contributed to the
modernization of Romanian society and of state
structures. In 1848, known as the year of European
revolutions, Moldavia and Wallachia fell into revolt.
The Moldavian unrest was quickly suppressed, but in
Wallachia the revolutionaries took power and
governed during the summer (see 1848 Wallachian
revolution). Young Cuza played a prominent enough
part so as to establish his liberal credentials during
the Moldavian episode and to be shipped to Vienna
as a prisoner, where he made his escape with British
support.
Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821)
was a French military and political leader who rose to
prominence during the latter stages of the French
Revolution and its associated wars in Europe.
As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from
1804 to 1814. He undertook many reforms across
Europe, ending feudalism for example. His legal reform
in France, the Napoleonic Code, has been a major
influence on many civil law jurisdictions worldwide.
Napoleon is best remembered for his role leading France
against a series of coalitions, in the Napoleonic Wars. He
won the great majority of his battles and seized control of
most of continental Europe
France: events
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Tour de France - This world famous annual cycling race is
the biggest and most prestigious event on the annual cycling
calendar, attracting entrants from around the world. It usually
takes place in July and the various stages in the 3 week long
race, cover virtually the whole of France. The grand finish on
the Champs-Elysees is a spectacular event attracting
massive crowds of spectators.
Cannes Film Festival - Held at the town of Cannes in the
South of France, this is one of the oldest and arguably one of
the most prestigious film festivals in the world. It generally
attracts a huge following with the who’s who of the film world
descending on the glamorous Cote d’Azure. The one award
valued above all others by the contenders for the best film, is
the coveted Palm d’Or. This event has a festive atmosphere
and there are countless parties, both in Cannes and on the
spectacular yachts anchored in the harbour.
Le Mans - This 24 hour endurance race is one of
the most famous and most popular motor racing
event in the world. It is the oldest motorsport
endurance race in the world, initially founded in
1923 as an alternative to the Grand Prix, with the
focus on speed and endurance. This annual event
usually takes place every June and motorsport
enthusiasts from around the world descend on the
town of Le Mans, Sarthe to enjoy this 24 hour
spectacle.
The influences of France in
Romania
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Romania's history has been full of rebounds: the culturally productive
epochs were those of stability, when the people proved quite an impressive
resourcefulness in making up for less propitious periods and were able to
rejoin the mainstream of European culture. This stands true for the years
after the Phanariote-Ottoman period, at the beginning of the 19th century,
when Romanians had a favourable historical context and Romania started
to become westernized, mainly with French influences, which they pursued
steadily and at a very fast pace. From the end of the 18th century, the sons
of the upper classes started having their education in Paris, and French
became (and was until the communist years) a genuine second language of
culture for Romanians. The modeling role of France especially in the fields
of political ideas, administration and law, as well as in literature was
paralleled, from the mid-19th century down to World War I, by German
culture as well, which also triggered constant relationships with the German
world not only at a cultural level but in daily life as well. With the arrival of
Soviet Communism in the area, Romania quickly adopted many Slavic
influences, and Russian was also a widely taught in the country during
Romania's "socialist" years.
Historical connections between Romania
and Italy: historical personalities.

Camillo Paolo Filippo Giulio Benso,
Count of Cavour, of Isolabella and
of Leri (August 10, 1810 – June 6,
1861), generally known as Cavour
was a leading figure in the movement
toward Italian unification. He was the
founder of the original Liberal Party
and Prime Minister of the Kingdom of
Piedmont-Sardinia, a position he
maintained (except for a six-month
resignation) throughout the Second
Italian War of Independence and
Garibaldi's campaigns to unite Italy.
After the declaration of a united
Kingdom of Italy, Cavour took office as
Italy's first Prime Minister; he died after
only three months in office, and thus
did not live to see Venetia or Rome as
part of the new Italian nation.
Mihail Kogălniceanu also known as Mihail
Cogâlniceanu, Michel de Kogalnitchan; September
6, 1817 – July 1, 1891) was a Moldavian-born
Romanian liberal statesman, lawyer, historian and
publicist; he became Prime Minister of Romania on
October 11, 1863, after the 1859 union of the
Danubian Principalities under Domnitor Alexandru Ioan
Cuza, and later served as Foreign Minister under
Carol I. He was several times Interior Minister under
Cuza and Carol. A polymath, Kogălniceanu was one of
the most influential Romanian intellectuals of his
generation.
Italy: events
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Opera Season in Verona
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Seeing the opera in Verona is one of Italy's great
travel experiences. Every summer the city's Roman
Arena is taken over by grandiose opera productions
on an epic scale. Many music-loving travellers visit
Verona just to attend the opera; the town's charms are
an attractive extra. If you are staying in or around
Verona during the summer, it is well worth planning an
evening at the opera to appreciate the music, the
spectacle, and the experience of spectating at an
event in this ancient Roman venue.
Venice Film Festival
Venice Film Festival is an annual event which takes
place at the end of August / beginning of September.
It's one of the events organised by the Venice
Biennale organisation, and is an important public
relations event for the city. Although there are arthouse films and prizes, each year there is a
Hollywood element which attracts the paparazzi and
gives the city a bit of glitz.
Carnival in Venice
However much the modern Carnival may be contrived for tourists, it's
undeniably atmospheric to walk down a lane in Venice and pass cloaked
and masked figures. The tourist board and hotels urge their guests to
participate by wearing at least a mask as they tour the town. It can be an
exciting time for children, as long as the dehumanising masks don't scare
them, and there are plenty of opportunities for fun. Young and old can
admire the spectacle and select their favourite costumed characters, and
there are plenty of opportunities to photograph your loved ones alongside
dramatically-costumed carnival-goers. The city is very busy, particularly
during the two Carnival weekends, and there is a genuinely festive
atmosphere.
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The Slavic influence on Romanian is
noticeable on all linguistic levels: lexis,
phonetics, morphology and syntax. This
situation is due to the migration of Slavic
tribes who traversed the territory of
present-day Romania during the sixth
century AD, corresponding with the
formative stage of Eastern Romance.
Events in Romania
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Romania's Folk Art Festival — Initiation in
folk art creation (pottery molding, textile
embroidering, woodcarving and more) offered,
for free, by preeminent folk artists to those
interested in traditional crafts.
The Traditional Crafts Fair — Crafts
enthusiasts from all over Romania gather at the
Village Museum in Bucharest to offer free
demonstrations of traditional woodcarving, rug
weaving, textile weaving and embrodering,
pottery molding, glass blowing, egg painting
and more.
Halloween in Transylvania — Tours, shows
and celebrations following the footsteps of
Bram Stoker's novel character, Count Dracula.
Christmas Markets
Of all the events enjoyed during the year, folk
festivals are without a doubt the most
spectacular. While some festival dates remain
fixed, others change year by year so it's wise to
check before your trip.