Germany and Italy
I. Story of Frederick II’s crusade
II. Frederick Barbarossa
(1152-1190)
A. The conflict of Welfs and Hohenstaufens
B. Election of Frederick Barbarossa
1. Child of both families
2. Wishes to control Italy, the big prize
3. Crowned emperor by pope 1155
III. Pope vs. Emperor
A. Pope organizes Italian cities to resist
1. Excommunicates Frederick
2. Cities and Pope defeat emperor, 1176
3. Frederick compromises
B. Drowns on the Third Crusade (1190)
C. Frederick’s son dies and battle for throne again
1. Pope arranges grandson Frederick’s rise
with conditions . . .
IV. Emperor Frederick II
(1215-1250)
A. A man of the world in Sicily
B. Effective government in Sicily
C. Breaks vow to pope not to try to
unite Italy
D. Fulfills promise for crusade in a
a way that upsets the pope
E. Pope calls crusade against Frederick
V. Failure of German/Italian Monarchy
A. Frederick’s son dies in 1254
1. No new emperor appointed for 20 years
2. Nobles exercise power to elect
B. Rudolf of Habsburg elected
1. Kept weak by nobles and pope
C. 600-year pattern: weak emperor, strong princes
IV. Gregory the Great (r. 590-604)
A. Another Roman aristocrat
B. Scholar and writer
C. Applies idealism of Benedict to whole church
1. Regula Pastoralis
2. Idea of clergy as pastors
3. Disciplined study, prayer, worship
4. Standard for singing “Gregorian chant”
5. Priesthood for the City of God
Musical Examples
1. Athenaios, First Delphic Hymn (Delphi, 128 BCE)
2. Christian Hymn of Oxyrhynchus (Egypt, late 3rd century)
3. Kyrie (Gregorian Chant). [c. 600-900]
(Lord have mercy, Christ have mercy . .)