1198 Innocent III (p. 1198-1216) calls for
new Crusade
Fourth Crusade
1202 Crusaders gather at Venice
1204 Crusaders take Constantinople, set up
Latin Empire there (until 1261)
Map Link: Fourth Crusade:
<http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-H1RtD269aNQ/TiNDMh-mZSI/
AAAAAAAAAB0/tilkVb3Bvn8/s1600/Map+of+the+
fourth+crusade.gif>
1218 Forces of Fifth Crusade attack Egypt,
take Damietta (in 1219)
1221 Muslims defeat Crusaders
Al-Kamil (r. 1218-38)
Map Link: Fifth Crusade:
<http://domin.dom.edu/faculty/dperry/hist267crusade/calendar/
13thcentury/images/nile.jpg>
1215 Frederick II (Holy Roman Emperor,
1215-50), takes crusading vow, but
delays and is excommunicated
1226 Al-Kamil contacts Frederick
1228 Frederick arrives in Holy Land
Feb 1229 Frederick II negotiates the handover
of Jerusalem with al-Kamil
Dome of the Rock
Aqsa Mosque
17/3/1229 Frederick II crowns self king in
Jerusalem
1244 Turks take Jerusalem
Map Link: Frederick II’s Crusade (shaded areas):
<http://www.studenthandouts.com/photo_gallery/
Maps/MiddleAges-2.jpg>
June 1249 Louis IX of France (r. 1226-70)
takes Damietta. Al-Salih (r. 1240-9) dies,
but wife Shajar al-Durr conceals his death
Feb 1250 Muslims defeat Crusaders, capture
Louis IX and temporarily hold him prisoner
May 1250 Mamluk takeover in Egypt (rule
until 1517)
1260 Mamluks complete conquest of Syria
Map Links:
Louis IX in Egypt:
<http://domin.dom.edu/faculty/dperry/hist267crusade/calendar/
13thcentury/louis/images/map-louis.jpg>
The Mamluk Takeover:
<https://cmes.uchicago.edu/sites/cmes.uchicago.edu/files/
uploads/Maps/Map%20-%20Mamluks%20sieze%20
power%20-%20base.pdf>
1268 Mamluks take Antioch
1289 Mamluks take Tripoli
1291 Mamluks take Acre
Map Link: Mamluk Sultanate (after Conquests):
<http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_NfsdvUxYGkI/SlYDtsdM_FI/
AAAAAAAANgE/A4kTQM7MgAg/s400/Mamluks.JPG>
Criticism of crusading:
Innocent III directing Crusades against
pagans, heretics (incl. Albigensians,
1209-29), but also political opponents
Alternatives: Children’s Crusade (1212),
Shepherds’ Crusade (1251)
Blame of military orders
Objections to taxation (e.g. Saladin Tithe)
Attempts at conversion; e.g. 1219 St Francis
of Assisi (1182-1226) preaches to
al-Kamil
Impact of the Crusades:
On bureaucracies
On women
On Jews
On trade and exploration
On the Muslim world
St John Ambulance Foundation
Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem
Knights Hospitaller
22nd July 2011 Anders Behring Breivik kills
77 people in Norway in name of “Knights
Templar Europe”
George W. Bush: “This crusade, this war on
terrorism is going to take a while.”
(16th Sept 2001)
19th c. First histories of Crusades in
Middle East
Usama ibn Ladin (Osama bin Laden,
d. 2011)
Robert of Clari (c. 1180-after 1216)
Poor knight on Fourth Crusade - eyewitness
Aims to instruct
Generally regarded as critical of leaders
of the Crusade
Nicetas Choniates
(btw. 1155 and 1160-c. 1217)
Byzantine statesman and historian
Studied in Constantinople. Reached high rank
in state administration
Emigrated to Nicea after Fourth Crusade
Nicetas Choniates
(btw. 1155 and 1160-c. 1217)
Chronike Diegesis (chronicle covering
1118-1207)
Eyewitness account, but with strong bias
(of course)