Jeffersonian Democracy
A. Revolution of 1800
1.
Election
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2.
Jefferson popular vote winner
Technicality gave Burr and
Jefferson some # of electoral
votes.
Burr did not defer, election went
to House
Finally went to TJ when some
Feds feared Burr Presidency and
abstained.
TJ defeats John Adams and Burr –
Burr becomes VP.
Significance
a.
b.
c.
d.
Jefferson called it a “revolution”
Return to the spirit of 1776 and a
truly republican gov’t.
Revolutionary in that in that
there was a peaceful transfer of
power.
John Adams last Federalist
President.
B. The Inconsistent Jefferson
1. Two Jeffersons
a. Bookish intellectual philosopher
b. The practical politician
i.
Did not boot Federalist public servants – little patronage
for loyal Jeffersonians
ii. Alien and Sedition Acts expired on their own.
iii. Did not do away with funding at par and assuming state
debts.
iv. Kept Bank of US (would recharter it in 1816)
v. Did not repeal protective tariff (would raise it later)
vi. DID repeal the whiskey excise and substantially reduced
debt however.
C. The Judiciary and John Marshall
1. Judiciary Act of 1801
a.
b.
Last ditch effort by Federalists to
leave mark
Created 16 new judgeships that
could be filled by outgoing
Adams.
i.
ii.
3 consider “midnight” judges with
commissions being written at 9 pm
of Adams’ last day in office.
John Marshall
•
•
•
•
•
appointed Chief Justice by Adams at
end of term
Jefferson’s cousin
Served 34 years on Supreme Court
Passed on Federalist legacy long
after the Federalist party died out.
Shaped the American legal tradition
more profoundly than any other
figure in US history.
2. Marbury v. Madison (1803)
a. “midnight” judge Wm Marbury
never received commission.
b. New Secretary of State James
Madison shelved it on first day
in office (never delivered the
night before).
c. Marshall decision
i.
ii.
iii.
Denied Marbury’s appeal BUT
because, he claimed, that the
Judiciary Act of 1789 that allowed
Supreme Court authority to issue
writs of mandamus was
unconstitutional.
Denied himself one Federalist
judge, but dramatically increased
the power of the Supreme Court
at the same time
Power to review laws of Congress
and determine their
constitutionality now squarely in
the hands of the S.C. = JUDICIAL
REVIEW.
D. Early Foreign Policy
1. Distrusted large standing
armies
2. Pirates on Barbary Coast
forced TJ to act
a. Paid $60,000 in ransom
money and sent US Marines
to Tripoli to protect Us
shipping
b. Developed a navy of 200 small
boats known as “jeffs” or the
“mosquito fleet” – one
mounted gun.
c. Worried about strong naval or
military build-up would drag
US into foreign conflicts.
E. Louisiana Purchase (1803)
1.
2.
Napoleon Bonaparte convinced Spain
to cede Louisiana Territory to France
TJ feared French control of
Mississippi and New Orleans
a.
b.
3.
Sent Monroe and Livingston to Paris to
offer $10 million for New Orleans and
as much land east of it as possible
TJ knew that if this failed, he would
have to ally with GB for protection.
Napoleon decides to sell ALL of
Louisiana Territory for $15 million
a.
b.
c.
d.
Couldn’t control sugar island of
Santo Domingo – slave revolt led by
Touissant L’Ouverture.
No longer needed Louisiana to be
food source for island.
Feared turning over Louisiana to GB
as a spoil of war
Hoped strengthened US would
thwart British power in North
America.
4. Jefferson Conflicted
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Strict construction of
Constitution says nothing
about land purchases by
President.
Saw this land grab as
solidifying democratic
experiment.
Avoided war with France
and alliance with GB.
Removed last vestige of Old
Europe from North America.
Feared Napoleon would
rescind offer – submitted
treaties to Senate knowing
purchase was
unconstitutional.
i.
ii.
Congress and public highly
supportive
828,000 sq. mi at $.03/acre
5. Lewis and Clark - 1804
a. TJ sent his personal
secretary Meriweather
Lewis and army officer
Wm Clark to explore
what they had
purchased
b. Aided by Shoshoni
woman Sacajawea
c. 2.5 year trek from St.
Louis, through Rockies
and to Oregon
territory.
d. Made many scientific
observations, maps and
contact with many
native tribes.
F. Second Term Showdown(s)
1.
2.
Easily won re-election in 1804.
Napoleon declares war on GB in 1803
a.
Brits win Battle of Trafalgar – dominate on
sea.
Napoleon wins Battle of Austerlitz –
dominates on land.
US can’t trade with either without facing
repercussions from the other.
b.
c.
3.
The Chesapeake Incident – 1807.
a.
Background
i.
ii.
b.
GB heavily in the practice of impressing US
sailors.
6,000 US sailors stolen from 1808-1811.
Showdown
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
GB warship boarded US frigate 10 mi off coast
of VA.
GB Captain demanded 4 deserters.
When US Captain refused, GB Cpt. Ordered
Chesapeake to be fired upon at close range –
killed 3.
US public outraged – TJ could have had war if
he wanted it – but US not ready.
4.
Embargo of 1807
a.
US food in high demand by both
belligerents
TJ saw economic sanctions as a
way to get France and GB to
respect US rights
Congress passing Embargo Act
of 1807
b.
c.
i.
ii.
Forbade all US exports –
“Peaceful Coercion”
Backfired for TJ
•
•
•
•
iii.
iv.
Hurt New England shipping and
southern farmers more than GB
and France
Major black market developed.
Revived almost dead Federalist
Party – New England talked of
secession.
Actually helped New England
industrialize – something that TJ
always opposed.
Embargo repealed 1809 (3 days
before TJ left office)
Replaced by Non-Intercourse Act
– opened up trade with all
nations EXCEPT GB and France.
G. James Madison and the War of
1812
1. Macon’s Bill #2
1. Replaced Non-Intercourse Act of 1809
2. Opened up trade with ALL nations but…
3. If GB or France lifted restrictions on trade
with US, US would restore embargo on
other nation.
4. Napoleon took bait
1. France said they would lift restrictions
if GB did the same.
2. GB did not, and US restored embargo
against her
3. War was bound to come…
4. And it did
2. “War Hawks”
c.
Newly elected Congressmen from
South and West
d. Clamored for “a new war against an
old enemy”
e. Angered at British impressment of US
sailors
f. Furious over British Canada supplying
weapons to frontier natives.
g. Tecumseh and the Prophet
c. Shawnee Brothers who tried to
create eastern Miss confederacy
to stem westward advance of
settlers.
d. A band led by Prophet defeated
and killed by Indiana governor Wm
Henry Harrison and his army at
Tippecanoe.
e. Tecumseh allied with British, but
died at Battle of Thames in 1813.
3. “Mr. Madison’s War”
a. Invasion of Canada
i.
Would have been victorious if concentrated on one
large city like Montreal
ii. Instead, launched 3-prong attack on Detroit, Niagara
and Lake Champlain.
iii. All were repulsed
iv. Tried again in 1813, but that failed too
b. Great Lakes
i. More success on sea
ii. USS Constitution “Old Ironsides”
iii. Commodore Oliver Perry def. GB on Lake Erie and
allows for Harrison’s troops to overtake Brits at Battle
of the Thames in 1813
c. On the Defensive
i.
New York
i. Brits attack New York through Lake Champlain
ii. Thomas Macdonough pulled off 11th hour victory
iii. Critical win as it staved off British invasion
ii. Washington D.C.
i.
ii.
Brits attack and burn Capitol and White House
Launch attack on Ft. Henry in Baltimore but are
repulsed.
iii. Francis Scott Key pens “Star Spangled Banner”
iii. New Orleans
•
•
•
•
Brits also attack
New Orleans
Andrew Jackson’s
troops entrenched
there
Kill 2,000 (of 8,000)
Brits in half hour –
only 70 US
casualties.
Ironically, 2 weeks
AFTER peace treaty
signed.
4. Treaty of Ghent
a. Signed Christmas Eve
1814
b. Essentially an armistice
c. All conquered territory
restore to original owner.
d. No mention of original
grievances for which the
war was fought:
impressment, Indian
menace, trade
restrictions
H. Death of the Federalists
1.
New England
a.
b.
c.
d.
2.
Home of the Federalists
Prospered during war due to illicit trade
with Brits
Strongly against war
Small minority suggested secession
Hartford Convention
a.
26 men from MA, CT, RI, NH and VT met
secretly in Hartford, CT to discuss their
grievances
i.
ii.
iii.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2/3rds vote for embargo, new states or war
Single term Prez and no two consecutive
Presidents from same state.
Abolition of 3/5th clause
Sent 3 of men to D.C. to submit their
complaints
Victorious news from New Orleans and
Ghent just in
Federalists looked petty and treasonous
Never run a candidate again.
I. War of 1812 Legacy
1.
2.
Small compared to Napoleon in Europe, but large consequences
for US
US stood up for its rights as a sovereign nation
a.
b.
c.
3.
4.
5.
6.
New respect earned for fighting capability.
Navy made a name for itself – US taken more seriously diplomatically
as a result.
War heroes emerged in Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison.
Federalist Party largest casualty – sectionalism melted somewhat.
Natives forced to relinquish large tracts of land – again.
Manufacturing prospered due to GB blockade and previous
emabargo – less dependent on Europe for goods.
Surge in US NATIONALISM – did not fight as one nation, but came
out as one.
J. Nationalism
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Def. - Spirit of national
consciousness or national
oneness.
American capable of defending
herself
Death of Federalists- temporarily
reduced sectionalism and states’
rights sentiment.
Decline of economic and political
dependence on Europe – turned
focus westward
Nationalism demonstrated itself in
Literature, art and architecture
a. Literature
i.
Romantic period (1820-1860)
marked first great literary
generation of America.
Protagonists haunted,
alienated, larger than life, left
to the make their own way.
ii.
•
James Fenimore Cooper


•
Nathaniel Hawthorne


•
The Scarlet Letter
The House of the Seven Gables
Herman Melville

•
The Pioneers
Last of the Mohicans
Moby Dick
Edgar Poe
iii. Poetry
•
Henry Wadsworth
Longfellow


•
Ralph Waldo Emerson


•
The Transcendentalist
The Young American
John Greenleaf Whittier

•
Paul Revere’s Ride
The Song of Hiawatha
Legends of New England in
Prose and Verse
Oliver Wendell Holmes


Old Ironsides
The Last Leaf
b. Art
Reflected 19th century
themes of discovery,
exploration and
settlement.
ii. Focused on aethestics
of the sublime and
landscapes
iii. Hudson River School
i.
i.
ii.
Thomas Cole
Albert Bierstadt
iv. Rocky Mountain
School
i.
Thomas Moran
c. Architecture
i.
Moved away from Georgian style that emulated
GBish architecture (17th c) towards more Neoclassical style.
ii. Copied Ancient Greeks and Romans in style of
government and style of architecture
Georgian
Neo-Classical/Greek
Revival
Georgian
Neo-Classical/Greek
Revival
Neo-Classical/Greek
Revival
Georgian
Neo-Classical/Greek
Revival
Georgian
K. The “Era of Good Feelings” (1816-1824)
1. Henry Clay’s “American
System”-Bank, Tariffs,
Internal Improvements
a. Second Bank of US
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
First BUS Expired 1811
Lack of Bank during War
of 1812 hurt economy
2nd Bank modeled after
first but with 3.5X more
capital.
Jeffersonians supported
2nd bank, but Feds
denounced it as
unconstitutional(!)
b.
Tariff of 1816
i.
Purpose: protect US
manufacturing from British
competition.
First protective tariff in US
history.
20-25% duties on imports
Created sectional tension
between 3 regions
ii.
iii.
iv.
•
North
–
–
•
South
–
–
•
opposed – feared it would
damage shipping indutry
Rep. by Daniel Webster
(MA)
Originally supported, then
opposed fearing it enriched
New England at expense of
South
Rep. by John C. Calhoun (SC)
West
–
–
In favor as it would fund
needed roads and canals
linking west to east
Rep by Henry Clay (KY)
c. Internal Improvements
i.
Congress passed Calhoun’s Bonus Bill of 1817 but
Presidents Madison and Monroe both vetoed it
•
•
•
Called for federal funding for internal improvements
(roads/canals)
Jeffersonians said it was a states rights issue and
therefore, unconstitutional
New Englanders feared it would drain population to
the West.
L. James Monroe
1. Continuation of
“Virginian Dynasty” (4th)
2. Presidency dubbed the
“Era of Good Feelings”
a.
Death of Federalists
i.
ii.
iii.
Jeffersonians adopted
many Federalist policies
(financial plan,
expansion, loose
construction)
Federalists originally
nationalist, but now
opposed to Republican
nationalism.
Feds became strict
constructionists esp. re:
internal improvements.
3. “Era of Good Feelings”
somewhat a misnomer
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Democratic Republican
did enjoy 1 party rule, but
factions split party
Emerging sectionalism
(east, west and south)
Tariff division (north and
south opposed; west in
favor)
BUS (west and south
opposed; east in favor)
Sale of public lands (east
opposed; west and south
in favor)
Panic of 1819 – west vs.
eastern bankers
Missouri Compromise
intensified sectionalism
4.
Panic of 1819
a.
First economic depression
since 1790s
Would recur every 20 +
years (1837, 1857, 1873, 1893, 1907, 1929)
Causes
b.
c.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Overspeculation on frontier
lands by banks (esp BUS)
Inflation from War of 1812
Negative balance of trade
with GB – drained US of gold
and silver
BUS forced “wildcat”
western banks to foreclose
on western farms
•
•
•
BUS started demanding
payment in coin, not paper
State banks then required
loans paid back in specie
(coin)
Many farmers didn’t have
specie so they lost their
farms
d. Results
i.
Western farmers
viewed bank as evil
financial monster.
ii. Hard hit poor looking
for more responsive
gov’t (beginnings of
Jacksonian democracy)
iii. Widespread sentiment
to end practice of
imprisoning debtors.
5.
Westward Expansion
a.
Nine new western states joined
union from 1791-1819
i.
ii.
iii.
b.
Alternated between slave and free
Maintaining sectional balance in
Congress supreme goal.
Weak in population and influence
Reasons for westward expansion
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Cheap land in Ohio attracted 1000s
of Euro immigrants.
Land exhaustion of tobacco states
drove ppl west.
Embargo drove ppl west.
Land speculation – small down
payment with installments.
Defeat of western natives cleared
land for sale
i.
ii.
vi.
Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)
Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)
Transportation Revolution
i.
ii.
iii.
Cumberland Road begun in 1811 –
linked MD to IL
Steamboat in 1811 made upstream
travel possible.
Canal Era of 1820-1850 allowed for
increased east-west trade
6.
Missouri Compromise
a.
MO asked to enter union in
1819
James Tallmadge introduced
amendment on MO
statehood
b.
i.
ii.
c.
South viewed this as serious
threat to sectional balance.
i.
ii.
d.
No more slaves could be
brought to MO.
Gradual emancipation of
children born to slave
parents already there.
Senate still 11 slave and 11
free
Tallmadge Amendment
might set precedent for
future states
Senate refused to pass the
amendment
John Tallmadge
e.
Compromise
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Henry Clay crafted
MO to be admitted as slave
state; ME to be admitted as
free
Kept sectional balance at 1212 in Senate for next 15 years.
Future slavery prohibited
north of 36’30’’ (so. Border of
MO)
Both sides supported
Legacy
•
•
•
•
•
Lasted 34 years until KansasNebraska Act in 1854
Slavery now the dominant
issue in US politics.
Serious setback to national
unity
South began to develop a
sectional nationalism all its
own.
South looked to the west to
form alliance.
7. Monroe’s Foreign Policy
i. Rush-Bagot Treaty(1817)
•
US and Canada agree to disarmament on Great Lakes
ii. Treaty of 1818
•
•
•
Negotiated by Sec of State John Quincy Adams
Fixed US-Canadian border at 49th parallel to Rocky Mts.
By 1870, share longest unfortified boundary in the world –
5,500 mi.
iii. Adams-Onis Treaty (Florida
Purchase Treaty) of 1819
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Indians and runaway slaves
launching attacks across
Florida-US border
Monroe ordered Jackson to
attack/pursue marauders
Jackson swept through
Florida in First Seminole War
1816-18
Ultimatum offered to Spain:
control your people of cede
Florida to US
Spain not equipped to do
this (revolutions in S.
America) so decided to
negotiate
Spain ceded Florida and all
claims to Oregon
US abandoned claims to
Texas
8.
Monroe Doctrine
a.
Europe
i.
ii.
iii.
b.
European monarchies concerned
with revolutions in Latin America.
Saw democracy as a threat to
absolute monarchy
Sought to restore newly
independent Latin American
countries to Spanish rule
Monroe Doctrine
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Penned by Sec of State John Q.
Adams
Warned Europe that they could
keep existed colonies, but gain no
new ones.
Leave independent republics, US
and western hemisphere alone.
Maintained GW’s tradition of
avoiding “entangling alliances”.
Became cornerstone of US foreign
policy thorughout 19th and early
20th century.
JQ Adams da man! Treaty of
1818, Adams-Onis and now this?