The Coming of the War 1931-1942
DEMOCRACY
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During the 1920’s many
nations moved toward
freedom and democracy.
Some nations took a
different direction and
moved toward repressive
dictatorships and
totalitarianism
governments.
TOTALITARIANISM
Totalitarian governments
is a theory of government in
which a single party or
leader controls the
economic, social, and
cultural lives of its people.
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The Soviet Union and Italy
were two countries that
adopted repressive
governments.
USSR
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In 1924, Lenin died and
Joseph Stalin took over as
the leader in USSR.
Stalin means “Man of
Steel” in Russia
Cruel and Ruthless
He wanted to transform
the USSR into an
“industrial power” and
“state run collective
farms.”
STALIN CONTINUED
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The “State ran industrial
power” led to 10 million
deaths of his own people.
Stalin used fear,
propaganda and terror to
control his people
It is believed that he used
the Red Army to imprison
and kill up to 10 million
additional people.
MUSSOLINI IN ITALY
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Benito Mussolini formed
the Fascist Party which was
a right winged organization
that trumped nationalism
and promised to make Italy
great again.
The followers of Mussolini
were known as the Black
Shirts.
MUSSOLINI CONTINUED
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Mussolini took control over
the government and the
army within a few years.
He outlawed political
parties.
He took over the press.
He created the secret
police.
He organized youth groups
that he could use to
indoctrinate the young.
TOTALITARIANISM

A theory of government in
which a party or leader
controls the economic,
social and cultural lives of
people.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
TOTALITARIANISM
Single party dictatorship
controls every aspect of life
 Strong, charismatic leader
 State ran economy
 Use of police and spies to
enforce terror
 Government control of the
media
 Use of schools and youth to
spread ideology
 Strict censorship of artist
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GERMANY
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Germany was weakened by
the worldwide effects of
the Great Depression.
Adolf Hitler started the
Nazi Party. He wrote a
book called Mein Kampf
which means “ My
Struggles.” In his book he
stated the reasons he felt
that Germany had
problems.
HITLER
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Hitler criticized the
ideologies but his sharpest
assaults were against the
communist and the Jews.
He spread pseudoscientific theories of a
master race that targeted
the Jews for future
violence.
Hitler was the symbol of a
totalitaranian regime.
HITLER
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He used the secret police
to crush all opposition.
He ran a state controlled
press-propaganda.
The state controlled press
praised/worshipped Hitler’s
accomplishments.
He had a state controlled
educational system to
indoctrinate the youth.
HITLER IN LATE 1930’S
He violates the Versailles
Treaty that ended World
War I and starts
rearmament or rebuilding
the military.
 His economic policies and
public works projects
ended the Great
Depression in Germany.
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JAPAN
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During the 1920’s Japan
increased the freedoms
and democracy. The
Japanese government
reduced the size of the
military.
Japan passed laws giving
all men the right to vote.
Japan legalized trade
unions.
JAPAN
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Japan allowed diverse
political parties to develop.
Japan did not become a
totalitarianism state. Japan
continued as a
constitutional monarchy.
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NAZI
JAPAN EXPANDS EMPIRE
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Japans power shifted and
turn toward military
control.
Japan started a period of
military expansion.
Japan moved to control
Chinese railroads.
Japanese were violent
killing over 200,000 and
burning city “Rape of
Nanking.”
WEAKNESSES OF LEAGUE OF
NATIONS
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America refused to join.
League had no standing
army and no real power.
Aggressive nations
challenged the League and
it was short on action.
HITLER
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Hitler violated the Treaty of
Versailles and increased
the size of the army and
navy. He spoke to the
German people about
needing “living space.”
In 1935 he reclaimed the
Saar a region the French
controlled. The League did
nothing.
MUSSOLINI
1935 Mussolini lead Italy to
invade Ethiopia, an
independent country in east
Africa. Emperor Haile
Selessie appealed to the
League and they did almost
nothing. Ethiopia fell to Italy.
 1936-1939 Spain was in a civil
war. Both Hitler and Mussolini
sent aid to the nationalist.
 The USSR sent aid to the
republican side.
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APPEASEMENT POLICY
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Why did Britain allow
appeasement?
WWI had been horrific.
Many countries, including
USA and FDR, did not take
hard stance against
German aggression.
HITLER & AGGRESSION
Hitler takes Sudetenland.
Britain and France appease
Germany.
 Appeasement under Munich
Pact only postponed the war
11 months.
 Munich Pact Hitler would
take part of Czechoslovakia
but not all of it. He was
ended his aggression. This
was not an effective pact.
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NAZI
ROOSEVELT OPPOSES
AGGRESSION
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The Rape of Nanking and
the killing of 3 navy
sailerPanay
Incident…ships sunk.
FDR made a statement on
Japan “reign of terror and u
FDR CRITICIZED JAPANESE
AGGRESSION.
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At the beginning of the
war, the majority of
Americans were in position
the war. Many Americans
were not over World War I
and thought it was an
expensive mistake.
NEUTRALITY ACT OF 1939
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The Neutrality Act of 1939
contained a cash-n-carry
policy . FDR had been
selling items to
democracies in Europe but
also sold to belligerent
nations if they paid cash
and carried their items
purchased on their own
ships.
FDR was pro-Allies.
TRIPARTE PACT 1940
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The Triparte Act was an
alliance signed in
September 1940 between
Germany, Italy and Japan.
This caused Congress to
pass the Selective Service
Act which provided the
military with 1.2 million
troops and 800,000 reserve
troops.
LEND-LEASE ACT
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America passed the Lend
Lease Act was passed and
authorized FDR to sell,
transfer title to, exchange,
lease, lend or otherwise to
dispose of any such
government that was a
threat to the defense of the
USA.
THE ATLANTIC CHART
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German u-boats
USS Rubuen James
USS Greer
USS Kearney
FDR gave a speech called the
Four Freedoms.
Freedom of speech and
expression, freedom of religion,
freedom from want and freedom
from fear.
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A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the
Allied victory…an iron curtain
has descended across the continent. Behind that line lie all the
capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe.
— Winston Churchill
In the quotation above, Winston Churchill described the —
A economic problems facing Europe following World War II.
B need to rebuild the defensive fortifications of pre-World War II
Europe.
C forced separation of Europe into communist and democratic
nations.
D collapse of organized government in communist-controlled
areas in Europe.