Maria
Anwer
BB-11-01
AYUB KHAN
REGIME
(1958-1969)
Military Career
• Appointed as the first Pakistani Commander-inChief of the Pakistan Army by Liaquat Ali Khan in
1951.
• Promoted over several senior
officers with distinguished
careers.
• Became a powerful political
figure within a short period
of time.
End of the Democratic System
• By 1958, the government of Iskander Mirza was unpopular
and the political situation was chaotic.
– Between 1955 and 1958, five different prime ministers tried
unsuccessfully to establish a stable government.
– In East Pakistan, severe floods caused food shortages and great
distress.
– People were in despair as Pakistan faced bankruptcy and chaos.
– To most Pakistanis and the rest of the world, the government
seemed corrupt and inefficient.
– According to the Constitution, elections were to be held in 1958;
politicians tried to win support by any means.
• On 7 October 1958, martial law was declared by President
Iskander Mirza.
Ayub Khan Taking Power
• Ayub Khan took the role of Chief Martial Law
Administrator.
• On 27 October, he removed
Iskander Mirza from office and
exiled him to London.
• Ayub Khan took on the office
of President as well.
• To his supporters, this event
was known as the
‘Glorious Revolution’.
Reforms Introduced By Ayub Khan
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Political Reforms
Agricultural Reforms
Economic Reforms
Social Reforms and Educational Reforms
Foreign Policies, etc.
POLITICAL
REFORMS
Public and Representative Office
Disqualification Act (PRODA)
• The PRODA prescribed fifteen years' exclusion
from public office for those found guilty of
corruption.
• About 3,000 officials were dismissed and many
other were reduced in rank as a result of these
measures.
Elective Bodies Disqualification
Order (EBDO)
• Passed in August 1959.
• Special tribunals authorized to try former
politicians for "misconduct," which was not
clearly defined.
• 75 leaders were disqualified for 8 years.
• East Pakistani politicians primarily targeted from
the Awami League.
• About 7,000 individuals were "EBDOed.".
Press And Publications Ordinance
• Amended in 1960 to specify broad conditions
under which
– Newspapers and other publications could be closed
down.
– Trade organizations, unions, and student groups were
closely monitored and cautioned to avoid political
activity.
– Imams at mosques were warned against including
political matters in sermons.
1959 Basic Democracies
• Introduction on 26 October 1959.
• A four-tier system
which would consist of
Divisional Level
District Level
Sub-district Level
Village Council
• 80,000 elected Basic Democrats would also form
the Electoral College for the election of the
President and members of the Central and
Provincial Legislatures.
• First elections were held in January 1960 in which
40,000 Basic Democrats were elected in each
province.
• On February 7 1960, 95% of the Basic Democrats
elected Ayub Khan as the President of Pakistan.
1962 Constitution
• Announced on 1 March 1962.
• Although Ayub Khan described it
as combining ‘democracy with discipline’.
• Its main features were presidential:
– The President nominated the Cabinet from the
members of the National Assembly, but they
would have to resign from the National Assembly
if made ministers.
– The President could not be removed unless
impeached.
– The President nominated the heads of the
judiciary and the provincial governors (who then
nominated their Cabinets).
– The National Legislature could not pass a law
without the approval of the President.
– The constitution shall be amended only by a twothirds majority of the Assembly and assent of the
president. If the president does not agree, it shall
need a three-quarters majority. Even then, the
president shall choose whether to dissolve the
Assembly or call a referendum.
Republic of
Pakistan.
Parity
between two
wings.
Federal-single
house at both
levels.
1962
Constitution
Equal citizens
and Minority
interests.
Constitution 1962
• Introduced without debate and Ayub Khan
brought martial law to an end soon afterwards.
• The new National Assembly met on 8 June 1962.
• It appeared that Pakistan was moving nearer to a
democratic system, but actually, Ayub’s reforms
had increased the powers of the ruling elite.
Criticism-Political Reforms
• 1962 Constitution
The Constitution upset the people of East Pakistan.
Various steps were taken for them:
– National languages-Urdu and Bengali.
– The National Assembly Session-Dhaka and
Islamabad.
– President and Speaker of the National Assembly.
• Despite these measures, the people of East
Pakistan still believed that Pakistan was, in reality,
government of East Pakistan by West Pakistan.
• Insistence on the One Unit Scheme
This produced instant reaction among the small
provinces and regional parties of Bengal. They started
agitation against Ayub’s regime to force him to
dissolve One Unit.
• A Controlled Democracy
The National Assembly passed a number of controversial
bills during its life.
– One bill, passed in June 1964, allowed the president
to remain in office until a successor was found.
– The Electoral College Bill meant that an electoral
college of 80,000 would be elected who in turn would
elect the president.
Maimoona
Mailk
BB-11-22
AGRICULTURAL
REFORMS
Agricultural Reforms
• From the very beginning, a few notable
agricultural families had spread their tentacles in
the political set-up of Pakistan.
• In the former West Pakistan, politics was
dominated by a
few wealthier
landowner families.
Land Reforms Commission
• Appointed in October, 1958
• Submitted its report within three months
• Led to a number of reforms aimed at:
– Eliminating the monopoly of the big landowners and
particularly the absentee landlords, in the politics
– Providing security for tenure
– Providing fairer distribution and ownership of land
Land Reforms
• A person could not own more than either 500
acres of canal irrigated land or 1000 acres of
unrelated land.
• Utilization of resumed area.
• Creation of pool.
• Jagirs.
• Protection to tenants.
• Proprietary rights for the tenants.
Effects
• A total of 2.5 million acres of land was resumed
• 2.3 million areas of land was distributed to nearly 1.8
lakh peasants.
• Movement started for voluntary reductions in
individual ownership, encouraging creation of a
strong middle-class of owner-operated farms of
economic size.
• Some people benefited while the powerful landlords
managed to hang on to most of their land holdings.
Quite a bit of the land they gave up was actually
very poor land that they were glad to get rid of!
Other Measures For Agriculture
• Three major dams were built to help irrigation.
• The Agricultural Development Bank of
Pakistan (ADBP) was set up.
• Farmers were also loaned money to build wells
to reduce the need for canal irrigation.
Green Revolution
Growth in agriculture:
1965-70
1959-64 6.3%
3.7%
Wheat
Production
•91%
Rice
Production
•141%
• The phenomenal increase in growth took place
in two phases.
Phases Of Green Revolution
1. 1960-1965
• Main cause of the growth was the increase in
irrigation facilities, mainly tube wells.
• Between 1960-65, about 25,000 tube wells were
installed, each costing R.s. 5000-12000 and the
farm area serviced by tube wells doubled.
2. 1966-1970
• Growth took place mainly because the expanded
irrigation facilities were supplemented by the
technology package of
– High yielding varieties (HYV) seeds,
– Chemical fertilizers and
– Pesticides.
Criticism-Green Revolution
1. Issues of Tube wells
• They were highly regionalized, e.g. 91% of the
76,000 tube wells in 1968 were in Punjab.
• Given the size and cost of tube wells, they were
mainly installed by landowners with over 25
acres of land (70%).
• Poor and illiterate farmers could not take benefit
of the credit policies offered by the ADBP to
purchase and install tube wells.
2. Issues of Tractorization
• 75% of privately owned
tractors were on farms
that had sunk
tube wells.
58%
Lahore
Multan
Bahawalpur
3. Regional and Income Disparities
• Purchase of tractors and access to credit were
inaccessible to poorer farmers.
• Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and south-eastern parts of
Sindh had inadequate access to water and the HYV
technology. Thus, regional disparities increased.
So, the Green Revolution of Pakistan was produced
by the farmers who owned between 50 and 100
acres, almost all of them in Punjab. The Green
Revolution has therefore been called and ‘Elite
Farmer Strategy’.
Criticism-Land Reforms
• Almost three-quarters of resumed land, at least
in the Punjab, was uncultivated and untenanted.
This meant that the amount of land available for
redistribution was even more limited.
• Landlord-tenant relations were left unchanged,
to be governed by the tenancy acts passed in
the early fifties and to be supervised by the
revenue service.
Sana Irum
BB-11-23
ECONOMIC
REFORMS
1) Industrial Reforms
• Economic development was a priority for Ayub
Khan.
• He recruited able economists and advisers,
many of whom had been trained in the USA.
• So successful were his policies that
businessmen and leaders around the world
began to praise the ‘Pakistan Miracle’.
• In February 1959, the Government announced a
new industrial policy of “gradual liberalization of
economy” to pave way for smooth industrial
growth.
• Main emphasis on the utilization of raw materials
available in the country to benefit small and
medium scale industries.
• The extreme bureaucratic restraints were
removed by a more market-oriented approach.
Establishment of Financial and
Development Corporations
• Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation
(PIDC) was set up with a capital of R.s 1 billion.
• It was put in charge to promote the following
industries:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Jute Paper-board and newsprint
Heavy engineering
Fertilizers
Sugar
Cement
Textiles, etc.
Industrial Trading Estates
• Four new estates for small industries were
established in
–
–
–
–
Bahawalpur,
Gujarat,
Larkana and
Peshawar
• This helped in the process of industrialization by
handling the initial difficulties faced by new
industrialists.
Price Stability
• In October 1958, the government took several
measures to check inflation.
• Price Controls
– Price controls covering a large number of consumer goods and
industrial raw materials were imposed.
– These measures led to a fall in prices and improvement in
supply position of a large number of articles.
– They relaxed the control over industrial investment and trade.
– Moreover, the government removed the constraints on profit
margin and prices.
• Other Measures
– Government borrowing for financing fiscal deficits was reduced
sharply.
– Efforts to broaden the direct taxation system kept the indirect
taxation to minimum and hence prices of goods remained stable.
– Needs of additional defence spending were met by additional
taxation.
6.1%
1959-60
7.6%
1969-70
• Therefore, the average annual rate of growth of
prices was only 3.3%.
Investment Promotion Bureau
• Set up in April 1959.
• To attract foreign investment for the establishment of
new industries
• To provide guidance to industrialists and investors.
• To solve problems of foreign investors in the matter
finding land, water, power, etc.
• Industrial legislation was introduced to facilitate the
growth of industry with minimum government
interference.
 Therefore, this led to encouragement of private
enterprise.
Other Measures Related To Industry
 Supply of credit
o Credit was liberally provided to the industrial sector
by both the commercial banks & the specialized
credit institutions, e.g. Industrial Development Bank of
Pakistan (IDBP).
o National Investment trust was set-up to attract small
saving into industrial investment.
 Foreign Aid and Loans
o Loans were taken from more industrialized western
countries, particularly the USA, Germany and the UK.
o These played a dominant role in the industrial and
economic development of Pakistan.
o Without that aid, the remarkable growth in that era
could not be possible.
 Investments
o New industries were given tax holidays. This led to the inflow
of capital (from 13.20 Million in 1956 to 26.28 Million in 1966).
o Private investment growth in West Pakistan during 1960-1965
increased over three folds.
o It declined over by 20% in next five years but still during the
1960’s, real private fixed investment more than doubled, grew
faster than public investment, and accounted for nearly half of
the total fixed investment by 1969-1970.
o Political stability, liberalization of investment controls and
ample availability of foreign exchange were key factors
influencing a pronounced acceleration in the pace of private
investment.
o The increase in investment contributed to an increase in
economic growth naturally.
 Water and Power
Investments
o Total water and power
investments in West
Pakistan during the
1960’s, including the,
exceeded US $2.5 Billion
and accounted for more
than 50% of total public
sector spending.
Indus Basin
Replacement Works
spending
Warsak Dam on the
Kabul River in 1961
Mangla Dam from
1961 to 1967 across
the Jhelum River.
 Unification of Domestic Markets
o Domestic markets were unified so that the finished goods could
travel easily from one place to another.
 In 1962, an oil refinery was established in Karachi.
 A Mineral Development Corporation was set up in 1962,
for the exploration of mineral deposits.
 In 1964, an economic union was formed with Iran and
Turkey, the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD)
in which the three countries agreed to develop ties in
trade, commerce and industry.
TRADE
REFORMS
Trade Policy
• Introduced in 1959.
• Focus on indirect controls on imports and on
domestic prices of other goods.
• A number of measures were taken on import
licensing that made market forces more
important in determining the ownerships of
import licenses.
Export Bonus Scheme
• Introduced in 1959.
• A flexible and fascinating device which was used both to subsidize
exports and to allow a safety valve on imports, while maintaining the basic
structure of import controls and the official exchange rate at its existing
level.
Export of raw jute
60% in 1958
20% in 1968
Exports of cotton
and jute textiles
8.3% in 1958
35% in 1968
• Over 1959-64, total imports increased much more rapidly than
exports or GNP, and the composition of imports continued to shift
towards the import of capital goods and processed intermediate
goods.
Open General Licensing Scheme
• Allowed newcomers to enter the trading sector.
• A large amount of foreign exchange was
allocated to the OGL, and the new traders made
substantial profits and gains from possessing
import licenses.
Free List
• Permitted the import of certain goods without
any license.
• The Free List was extended over time from four
items to fifty in 1964.
CRITICISM- ECONOMIC REFORMS
• Widened the gap between the two wings of the country and
gave rise to educational and class inequalities.
Criticism Of Industrial Reforms
• Disagreements exist over the nature and consequences of
those growth rates and over the interpretation of the
economic policies.
• Increasing disparities existed in regional income.
• Real wages failed to increase significantly.
• Industrial economic power was concentrated in only few
hands (22 families controlling 66% of the country’s industrial
assets).
Criticism Of Trade Reforms
• The rise in exports of processed goods was at the
expense of the raw materials that would otherwise
have been exported.
• Some exports may have taken place even if this
scheme had not been introduced.
• Many exporters sold their goods in the foreign market
at lower prices, sometimes even below cost, since they
calculated their return in Rupees in which terms the
loss could be made up by the sale of bonus vouchers.
• More than 40% of the imports of the government were
financed by the foreign aid component, which was 6%
of GDP in 1964/5.
• When aid was severely curtailed after June 1965, the
government had to abandon its liberal import policy
and felt it necessary to reimpose a number of import
controls.
– The Free List was reduced from sixty-six items in 1964 to
fourteen in 1969 and to eleven in 1971.
– There was also a cut in the licensable list.
Zahra
Nasir
BB-11-66
SOCIAL
REFORMS
Action against Hoarding, Black
Markets and Smuggling
• With many shortages of goods, some goods
were hoarded so that the price would rise and
they could be sold at a bigger profit.
• Tough action brought down prices.
• Goods were seized from profiteers and many
arrests were made.
Fixation of the prices of essential
foods
Shortly after taking power, the government fixed
the price of
• milk,
• vegetables and
• ghee
to stop traders from making too much profit at the
expense of the people.
New Housing Developments
• A new and enthusiastic minister for Rehabilitation,
lieutenant- General Azam Khan, started tackling the
refugee problems.
• A massive new housing development at Korangi
provided new homes for refugees living in Karachi.
• 75,000 refugees were settled in newly built dwellings
near Karachi.
• Laws were passed that factory owners had to
provide accommodation for their workers at a
reasonable rent.
Marriage and Divorce Laws
• In 1961, the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance helped
improve the position of women.
– Divorce by simple repudiation was no longer allowed.
– Marriages and divorces had to be registered and approved by a
court.
– Further marriages also had to be approved by a court.
– The minimum age for marriage was set at 16 for women and 18
for men.
– The grandson of a pre-deceased son was allowed to inherit the
property of his grandfather.
• An important step towards improving women rights.
Measures to control population
• In 1955 a legal commission was set up to
suggest reforms of the family and marriage laws.
• In 1961, Family Laws Ordinance issued.
• A Family Planning Program was set up which
was largely funded by American loans.
• The government used radio, cinema,
newspapers, posters and leaflets to persuade
Pakistanis to limit the size of their families.
Health Facilities
• Medical facilities were also improved.
• More medical and nursing training schools were
set up.
• This was to increase the
number of well-trained
doctors and nurses in
the country.
Modernization Of Islam
• In 1962, the term Islamic Republic was dropped in
favor of simply Republic of Pakistan.
• An Advisory Council f Islamic Ideology was set up to
advise Ayub Khan as to whether or not policies and
laws were acceptable on Muslim principles.
• The Ayub government set up an Ulema Academy in
Lahore. It was an attempt by the government to
modernize the ulama and religious leadership in the
country.
CRITISISM- SOCIAL REFORMS
• The biggest policy failure in the Ayub era was in the
social area.
• The Family Planning Program had limited impact on birth
rate because the health workers themselves were
illiterate and the program became prone to corruption. It
was also criticized by the religious sections of the
society.
• The laws introduced for improving the status of women
in the society also were unable to change the patriarchal
society of Pakistan and they were also resisted by the
ulemas.
• The religious sections of the society severely
resisted the modernization agenda.
• There was an increasing inequality in urban
incomes. The share of wages and salaries in net
output fell suggesting an increase in the share of
profits.
• Wages did not increase despite improvement in
labor productivity which was due to serious limits
on the powers of labor union.
Aasia
Yasmeen
BB-11-59
EDUCATIONAL
REFORMS
EDUCATIONAL REFORMS
After the Report of the Commission on National
Education which identified the importance of
education as an investment in national growth:
• Education up to Class V was made free and
compulsory.
• Secondary education boards were set up to oversee
secondary schooling up to Class XII.
• A new curriculum for schools was drawn up and it
was suggested that new textbooks should be
published.
• An extensive literacy program was started, building
new schools and colleges.
• Technical education was made mandatory.
• University degree courses were extended from two
to three years.
• Progress was made to improve scientific education
and research.
• Civil Defense training was made mandatory in the
schools and colleges.
Criticism-Educational Reforms
• The Second Plan set target of increasing primary school
enrolment ratio in West Pakistan to 56% in 1965 but the
ratio improved only to 36% because the population
growth rate had been seriously underestimated.
• The Third Plan again set a target of raising enrolment to
70% but the actual expenditures on education were
much lower because of lower resources.
• Female education was given low priority in West
Pakistan by the governing elite and social attitudes who
did not favor educating women.
• The urban bias in education was intensified.
NEW
CAPITAL
NEW CAPITAL
Ayub’s government decided to build a new capital because:
• Traditionally, development in Pakistan was focused on
Karachi, and President Ayub Khan wanted it to be
equally distributed.
• Karachi was located at one end of the country and could
be easily attacked from the Arabian Sea. A capital which
was easily accessible from all parts of the country was
needed.
• Karachi, a business center, was also considered
unsuitable partly because of intervention of business
interests in government affairs.
• Construction was started in October 1961.
• The city came into life on 26 October 1966 when
the first office building of Islamabad was
occupied.
• In 1967, Islamabad was officially made the
capital.
• It is a modern and
carefully planned city.
Criticism- New capital
• The change was yet another cause of discontent
in East Pakistan. They preferred other sites for
the national capital in their part of the country.
• Building Islamabad cost a great deal of money at
a time when many Pakistanis were expecting
shortages.
• It was claimed that Ayub Khan’s friends in the
army and in the industry were making fortunes
out of land speculation in the new city.
RELATIONS OF
PAKISTAN WITH
THE EXTERNAL
WORLD
1) RELATIONS WITH USA
• In 1958, General Ayub Khan stated that we are “the
most allied ally” of the United States”.
• This shows that during this era Pakistan became more
pro-west.
• Ayub Khan believed that Pakistan could not make
progress unless the Kashmir problem was solved, which
was not possible without the help of the Western Bloc.
• On the other side the United States aims were to help
Pakistan and to maintain her independence in an area
threatened by communism.
Defense for Bilateral Cooperation.
• Signed by Pakistan and USA on 5th March.
• According to this agreement, USA agreed to cooperate
with Pakistan to deal with its security threats and
requirements.
• USA was promoting its national interest by maintaining
the independence of Pakistan.
• USA also declared that any attack on Pakistan would be
considered as attack on America.
• This alliance upgraded defense of Pakistan against all
aggression including the possible threat from India.
Relations After 1959
• In 1962, China and India went to war. As China was
communist, the USA immediately sent military aid to
help India fight. This move offended the Pakistan
government.
• In 1962, Ayub Khan visited China and in 1965, the
Soviet Union. These visits displeased the USA.
• During the 1965 war between India and Pakistan,
the USA joined the UK in an arms embargo on both
countries. As the Pakistan army was almost entirely
dependent on the USA for supplies and training, the
embargo was far more damaging to it than to India.
Despite these incidents, Ayub Khan was generally
considered the architect of good relations between
the USA and Pakistan.
• He allowed the Americans to build air bases in
Pakistan.
• He also remained loyal to the USA during the highly
embarrassing ‘U2 Affair’ on 1 May 1960, when an
American spy plane had taken off from Peshawar and
had been shot down over Soviet territory.
Sadaf
Akram
BB-11-41
2) RELATIONS WITH
INDIA
Indus-Water Treaty
• India controlled the head works of the pre-partition
irrigation canals.
• Pakistan feared that India might repeat a 1948
incident that curtailed the water supply as a means
of coercion.
• The Indus Waters Treaty of 1960, backed by the
World Bank and the United States, finally found
favor with Ayub Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru.
Pakistan
• The agreement also
detailed transitional
Indus
arrangements,
new irrigation and
Chenab
hydroelectric power
Jhelum
works, and the
waterlogging and
salinity problems in Pakistan's Punjab.
India
Ravi
Beas
Sutlej
• The Indus Basin Development Fund was also
established.
INDO-PAK WAR 1965
Ayub Khan had to deal with the war between India
and Pakistan that took place in 1965, which caused
further problems for his regime.
Pre-War Escalation
• After its success in the Rann of Kutch, Pakistan, under the
leadership of General Ayub Khan, believed the Indian
Army would be unable to defend itself against a quick
military campaign in the disputed territory of Kashmir.
• Pakistan started Operation Gibraltar. The
Pakistani infiltrators were soon discovered and
the operation ended in a complete failure.
• On 5 August 1965 around 30,000 Pakistani soldiers
crossed the Line of Control dressed as Kashmiri
locals.
• By the end of August, however, both sides had
relative progress.
• India crossed the International Border on the
Western front on 6 September, marking an
official beginning of the war.
• A heroic defence by the troops in and near
Lahore prevented it form being captured by the
Indian troops.
• After three weeks of fighting, peace was
achieved on 23 September by the intervention of
the great powers.
Tashkent Declaration
• The Tashkent Declaration was a peace agreement
between India and Pakistan after the Indo-Pakistani War
of 1965.
• A meeting was held between Indian Prime Minister Lal
Bahadur Shastri and Ayub Khan, in Tashkent in the Uzbek
SSR, USSR (now in Uzbekistan) from 4 January to 10
January 1966.
• The conference was viewed as a great success but it
compelled Pakistan and India to restore their national
boundary and the 1949 ceasefire line in Kashmir. This
eventually led to dissatisfaction and protests against the
Ayub Khan leadership.
3) RELATIONS WITH THE
SOVIET UNION
During the Ayub Khan Regime, relations deteriorated
and improved again due to several events.
• In May 1960, relations reached a low point when a
spy plane form the US base in Peshawar was shot
down over the Soviet Union. The Pakistan
government denied any knowledge of the American
spying, but the Soviet government did not accept
this.
However, relations improved gradually after 1960.
• In 1961, the Soviets agreed to begin exploring for oil in Pakistan.
• In 1963, the Soviet government loaned Pakistan 11 million pounds
and it shifted from its previous open support for India over Kashmir
to a neutral stance.
• In April 1965, Ayub Khan paid an official visit to the Soviet Union and
further agreements on trade and oil exploration were reached.
• In January 1966, the Soviet Union hosted a peace conference
between India and Pakistan at Tashkent.
• In 1968, when the Americans decided to close their airbase at
Peshawar, the Soviet Union began to supply arms to Pakistan.
However, at this point, relations with the Soviet Union worsened. The
Soviet Government was not happy with the fact that Pakistan was
accepting aid and arms from the USA as well from the Soviet Union.
4) RELATIONS WITH CHINA
Relations with China improved greatly during the Ayub
Khan Regime.
• In 1962, Ayub Khan visited China, increasing friendship.
• In March 1963, talks between China and Pakistan to
settle their border dipute were successfully completed. In
the settlement, the Chinese made more concessions to
Pakistan than the Pakistanis.
• In 1963, Pakistan and China announced a series of trade
agreements. China grated Pakistan a $60 million interest
free loan and soon became the world’s largest purchaser
of Pakistani cotton.
• In August 1963, PIA began regular flights to China, which
helped to increase movement and trade between the
two countries.
• In 1964, China made a statement supporting Pakistan’s
policy in Kashmir. In return, Pakistan supported China’s
entry into the UN.
• During the 1965 war with India, China supplied military
aid to Pakistan and applied diplomatic pressure on India
to prevent it from attacking Pakistani positions.
5) REALTIONS WITH BRITAIN
• Relations with Britain got strained during the Ayub Khan
Regime when the British government made it clear that it did
not feel bound through membership of the SEATO and
CENTO pacts to support Pakistan in the 1965 war against
India.
• However, Britain played an important role during the 1965
tensions by engineering the agreement to resolve the diputes.
The final agreement was signed by Pakistan at the
Commonwealth Conference in London during June 1965.
• Pakistan appreciated the fact that Britain had criticized India
for crossing the international boundary on 6 September 1965,
a criticism which had created uproar in India.
AYUB KHAN’S FOREIGN POLICYCONCLUSION
• Ayub Khan wanted to develop balanced relations with all the major
powers.
• But his cultivation of China angered the US, which was providing
more than 50% of Pakistan’s foreign aid.
• At a time when his foreign policy and foreign aid were in crisis, Ayub
Khan plunged Pakistan into the Indo-Pak War of 1965 which ended
with grave consequences for Pakistan. The US ended all military and
economic aid. After the war, economic aid was restored at a lower
level but the ban on military aid continued.
• Moreover, the war increased the socio-economic problems that had
already started due to Ayub’s policies.
 Therefore, Ayub Khan was not very successful in his foreign policy.
Nida
Javed
BB-11-32
ELECTIONS 1965
Background
• Elections for the Presidency were to take place in
January 1965. Ayub Khan was nominated by a new
party, the Convention Muslim League, which he had
helped form.
• The opposition
parties all agreed
to support
Mohtarma Fatima
Jinnah.
Results
64%
Ayub
Khan
36%
Fatiima
Jinnah
• The opposition claimed that the voting had been
rigged.
• There were riots in Karachi and East Pakistan in
which 20 people were killed.
POLITICAL UNREST AND THE
DOWNFALL OF AYUB KHAN
• After the 1965 war with India which had been
provoked by Ayub’s government, Ayub told the
people that Pakistan had won the war, but the
Tashkent Treaty contained no reference to how the
Kashmir issue should be solved.
• Ayub Khan sacked the Foreign Minister, Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto, who he blamed for the failings of the war.
Bhutto now became a focal point for opposition to
Ayub.
DECADE OF DEVELOPMENT
• By November 1968, Ayub Khan had become
immensely unpopular with the masses.
• The politicians and officials close to Ayub Khan
suggested that a ‘A Decade of Development’ should
be celebrated.
• The main purpose behind the celebration was to
attract people’s attention towards the achievements
of his time in office by declaring his regime,
‘A Decade of Development’.
Achievements
• During the 1960s, the average annual growth rate was over
7%, which meant that gross national wealth quadrupled in ten
years.
• The economy was not just growing twice as well, it was also
growing three times faster than that of India or any other
country in South Asia.
• During 1960-65, manufacturing output grew at 11.5% per
annum.
• During the same period, people’s incomes went up by an
average of 14%.
• Therefore, many international economic experts believed that
Pakistan had finally managed to stop the circle of poverty.
CRITICISM- DECADE OF DEVELOPMENT
The various reforms which he had initiated bounced back and did
not work as he had foreseen.
 In 1968, the chief economist in the Planning Commission of
Pakistan revealed that only 22 industrial families were controlling
66% of the country’s industrial assets and 80% of its insurance
and banking services. This image proved politically very
damaging to Ayub Khan.
 Most of the new wealth was concentrated in West Pakistan which
provided a pretext for the hostility to flare up in East Pakistan.
 Planning and development efforts increased public sector
investment rate in East Pakistan more than that of West Pakistan
but private investment continued to lag behind substantially.
 Many Pakistanis saw little improvement in their
standard of living. Most of the benefits went directly to
those directly involved as owners, investors or
managers in the businesses that were expanding.
 Due to one of the highest population growth rates in
the world, 2.2%:
People living in severe poverty
8.65m(1963) to 9.33m in 1968
National Income per capita
R.s261(1962) to R.s259(1963)
 People were angry that millions of rupees were spent on the
celebrations of the Decade of Development for one whole
year, at a time when they were experiencing economic
difficulties.
 The Third Year Plan also could not be implemented as taxes
were increased, prices went up and there were many
shortages.
Therefore, the ‘Decade of Development’ is also referred to
as the ‘Controversial Sixties’.
DOWNFALL OF AYUB KHAN
The celebrations of the Decade of Development led to further
riots and protests.
 Bhutto’s Pakistan People’s Party(1967) and Mujib-ur-Rehman’s Awami
League became a serious threat to the President’s authority.
 When Ayub Khan carried out widespread arrests, including Bhutto, there
were more protests, which spread to East Pakistan.
 On a visit to Peshawar, Ayub Khan became the target of a failed
assassination attempt.
 Throughout 1968, the protests and riots were impossible to stop. In
October 1968, there were student protests all over Pakistan. Bhutto had
captured the public mood in West Pakistan with his campaign for
‘Islamic Socialism’.
 In January 1969, eight of the opposing parties formed the Democratic
Action Committee. They wanted proper elections, the lifting of
emergency powers and autonomy for East Pakistan.
• On 17 February 1969, Ayub Khan withdrew the emergency
powers and released many political prisoners.
• But he had done too little too late.
• The opposition rapidly gained support while he and his party
lost it.
• By March, Ayub Khan realized that he did not have enough
support to stay in power.
• On 25 March 1969, he resigned. But he did not call for new
elections to choose the new President. Instead, he handed
over power to the army and for the second time in its short
history, Pakistan experienced martial law.
Maria
Anwer
BB-11-01
CONCLUSIONS
• Dramatic turnaround in investment and growth
in both East and West Pakistan.
• Serious disruption by the 1965 war with India.
• High dependence on foreign aid.
• Concentration mostly in West Pakistan.
• Growing economic disparity and
insufficient political participation.
 Despite these economic policy failures and
accusations of presiding over a regime run on
‘crony capitalism’, the Ayub era was an
exceptionally successful period of economic
management and a ‘success’ by whatever
criteria were available at that time to measure
success.
RECOMMENDATIONS
 More democratic institutions.
 The Constitution should also have given more
power to democracy.
 Proper system of check and balance of the
private institutions.
 Quality control, provision of infrastructure like
communications and energy, and direct
incentives to exporters.
 More attention to the low-income sector.
 Alterations to the modernization policy.
 Effective land reforms.
 Credit more accessible to the poor farmers.
 No war against India.
 No rigging in elections.
REFERENCES
Books and Articles
Web Sites
•








•
•
•
•
•
•
Pakistan-A Historical And Contemporary Look By
Farooq Naseem Bajwa.
Introduction To Pakistan Studies By M. Ikram
Rabbani
The History and Culture of Pakistan By Nigel Kelly
Pakistan-History, Culture and Government By Nigel
Smith
Issues In Pakistan Economy By S. Akbar Zaidi
The Green Revolution and the Gene Revolution in
Pakistan: Policy Implications by Robert E. Evenson
Forced Modernization and Public Policy: A Case
Study of Ayub Khan Era (1958-69) By Sarfraz Husain
Ansari
http://www.brecorder.com/
http://herald.dawn.com/
http://storyofpakistan.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/
http://www.academia.edu/
http://countrystudies.us/
http://www.infoplease.com/
http://www.google.com/
Any
Queries?
Thank you
For Your
Attention!