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LUCKHNOW PACT 1913
BACKGROUND
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First decade of 20th century was bit peaceful
Muslim youth was charged
Annulment of Partition of Bangal
Kanpur Masjid’s incident 1913
Refusal of establishing Muslim university
Quaid-e-Azam joined Muslim league in 1913 after that he
started to work for Hindu Muslim unity, understanding and for
co-operation
In 1915, the annual meeting of congress and Muslim league
at Bombay ,second meeting at Lucknow
In 1916 a written agreement were signed between two
parties which in history of sub-continent is called Lucknow
Pact.
The then Muslim Youth
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Why was the Lucknow pact made?
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AIML was a moderate organization with its basic
aim to establish friendly relations with the Crown
After Annulment of the partition of Bengal, the
Muslim leadership decided to change its stance
The Muslim League changed its major objective and
decided to join hands with the Congress in order to
put pressure on the British government
Lord Chelmsford's invitation for suggestions from the
Indian politicians for post World War I reforms
further helped in the development of the situation
Why Signed
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considerable change of policy for the AIML (that to
preserve Muslim interests in India, it needed to support
British rule)
After the unpopular partition of Bengal, the Muslim
League was confused about its stand and it was at this
time that Jinnah approached the League
Jinnah was the mastermind and architect of the pact
The Lucknow Pact also marked the establishment of
cordial relations between the two prominent groups of
the Indian National Congress - the bold, fierce leaders
led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and the moderates led by
Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Main Points
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There shall be self-government in India
Muslims should be given one-third representation in the central
government
There should be separate electorates for all the communities until a
community demanded joint electorates
A system of weightage to minority political representation should be
adopted
The number of the members of Central Legislative Council should be
increased to 150
At the provincial level, four-fifth of the members of the Legislative
Councils should be elected and one-fifth should be nominated
The size of provincial legislatures should not be less than 125 in the
major provinces and from 50 to 75 in the minor provinces
Cont…
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o
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All members, except those nominated, should be elected directly on the
basis of adult franchise
No bill concerning a community should be passed if the bill is opposed by
three-fourth of the members of that community in the Legislative Council
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The term of the Legislative Council should be five years
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Members of Legislative Council should themselves elect their president
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Half of the members of Executive Council should be Indians and The same
method should be adopted for the Executive Councils of Governors
The salaries of the Secretary of State for Indian Affairs should be paid by
the British government and not from Indian funds
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Of the two Under Secretaries, one should be Indian
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The Executive should be separated from the Judiciary
What was accepted !
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Separate electorate were accepted by congress
The congress agreed to enforce separate electorate
in those province, where they do not exist (Punjab,
CP)
No bill affecting a particular community should be
proceeded with any counsel if 3/4 representation
of community opposed it
Muslims and Hindus were to have the weightage in
the provinces where they formed minorities
Impact of the Pact - Praised
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Symbolized Hindu Muslim unity.
Congress and League demanded self govt
Govt could not easily reject the demand for
constitutional reforms
Lucknow Session of the Congress- Extremists and the
Moderate Congressmen were reconciled
Tilak became the most popular politician in the country
Home Rule Movement gave new momentum to National
Movement.
Results
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Hindu Muslim unity did not last for more than eight
years, and collapsed after Khilafat Movement
It was the first time that the Congress recognized the
Muslim League as the political party representing the
Muslims of the region
The pact brought about a change, temporary although,
in the attitude of the Muslims towards the "Hindu Congress". It also made their relations with the British
hostiles
Chief architect of this pact was Muhammad Ali Jinnah
and Ms.Sarojini Naidu
Impact- Criticized
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The Congress failed to retain its secular character by agreeing
to a scheme of communal electorate
Besides this scheme provided for Muslim representation in the
council in excess of their proportion in the total population
The compromise demanded more sacrifice on the part of the
Hindus. This marked the beginning of appeasement of Muslims
by Congress
By the acceptance of separate electorates for Muslims, the
Congress paved the way for future communal tension
The scheme did not involve either the masses of Hindus or
Muslims,It was an agreement at the level of leadership
Effects
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Completely approval of separate electorate
Security of Muslim rights and interest
Muslim league's separate status accepted
Increase the fame of Quaid-e-Azam as
ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity
Start of Hindu Muslim Unity, First and Last time ?
CONCLUSION
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Lucknow pact proved to be the bacon light on the
political horizon of India
Politics of Reconciliation
If this sense of co-operation have been carried out the
atmosphere of understanding and co-operation
generated but hindu did not honestly stick to these
principles instead of it mistrust hatred and noncooperation carried into political life
It was an important milestone in the history of subcontinent, due to this agreement congress gave
protection to all due rights of Muslims and Muslim
league
The Quaid
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Of Ms.Naidoo
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He is a future Viceroy
if this policy of
Indianization continues
"the Ambassador of
Hindu-Muslim Unity"
To The god Of Pain
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Unwilling priestess in thy cruel
fane
Long hast thou held me, pitiless
god of Pain,
I have no more to give, all that
was mine
Is laid, a wrested tribute, at
thy shrine;
Let me depart, for my whole
soul is wrung,
And all my cheerless orisons
are sung;
Let me depart, with faint limbs
let me creep
To some dim shade and sink
me down to sleep
Naido and Quaid
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ALIGRAH AS ARSENAL OF
PAKISTAN MOVEMENT
Heads of State and Government
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India Zakir Hussain President 1967-1969
India Mohammad Hamid Ansari Vice President 2010- Till
Date
Pakistan Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan 1947-1951
Pakistan Khawaja Nazimuddin 1951-1953
Pakistan Ayub Khan 1958-1969 (didn't completed his
degree)
Pakistan Fazal Elahi Chaudhry President 1973-1978
Bangladesh Muhammad Mansur Ali PM 1975-Aug. 1975
Politicians
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Abdur Rab Nishtar,Pakistani Politician,former Minister for
communication in Pakistan and Governor of Punjab,
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, freedom fighter, also known as Frontier
Gandhi
Khan Habibullah Khan Marwat (1901–1978), jurist and politician,
first Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan (1972–77
Khawaja Nazimuddin, former Prime minister of
Malik Ghulam Muhammad,Governor General of.
Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar,
Mufti Mohammad Sayeed, founder of the Jammu and Kashmir
People's Democratic Party, Ex-CM
Sheikh Abdullah, Prime minister of Kashmir and later served as CM
of Kashmir
Celebrities
Gulgee, artist and Islamic calligrapher
Ibn-e-Safi, 1926–1980, novelist, migrated to Pakistan
in1951
Ishwari Prasad, historian, first graduate of MAO College
Javed Akhtar, Lyricist and Scriptwriter (Sholay)
Mukhtar Masood, Urdu writer, Pakistani bureaucrat
Mushtaq Ahmad Yusufi, Urdu humorist
Naseeruddin Shah, Hindi/Urdu film actor
Zubeida, Film actress (First Indian talkie-Alam Ara fame)
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Shukria