Management Organizational
Policy and Practice
Module 01
Introduction to Management
and Organizations
By
Dr. Syed Usman Ali Gillani
Who Are Managers?
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Manager: They were the organizational members who told
others what to do and how to do it. A manager is someone
who coordinates and oversees the work of other people so
that organizational goals can be accomplished. A manager’s
job is not about personal achievement. it’s about helping
others do their work. It could involve coordinating the work
activities of a team with people from different departments
or even people outside the organization,
Types of Managers
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Managers work in organizations but not everyone in the
organization is a manager, they can be differentiated on
the basis of their position and their associated
responsibilities.
Organizational members can be divided in to two
categories
Operatives: who work directly on a job and have no
responsibility for overseeing the work of others.
Managers: they direct the activities of other people having
also some operative responsibilities.
Types of Managers
Managers can be classified as Top, middle and first line
 Top
Managers: who are responsible for making
organization wide decisions and establishing the plans and
goals that affect the entire organization. These Individuals
typically have titles such as executive vice president,
president, managing director, chief operating officer, or chief
executive officer.
 Middle Managers: A manager who implement the
strategies and supervise the work of first line managers.
Middle managers manage the work of first-line managers
and can be found between the lowest and top levels of the
organization. They may have titles such as regional
manager, project leader, store manager, or division
manager.
Types of Managers
First-line Managers: first-line managers manage the work of
nonmanagerial employees who typically are involved with
producing the organization’s products or servicing the
organization’s customers. First-line managers may be called
supervisors or even shift managers, district managers,
department managers, or office managers.
Where Do Managers Work
An organization is a deliberate arrangement of people to
accomplish some specific purpose. College, Clinic, University,
Microsoft, Facebook, your neighborhood grocery store, etc. All are
considered organizations and have three common characteristics.
First, an organization has a distinct purpose. This purpose is
typically expressed through goals that the organization hopes to
accomplish.
Second, each organization is composed of people. It takes
people to perform the work that’s necessary for the organization
to achieve its goals.
Third, all organizations develop some deliberate structure that
defines and limits the behavior of its members. this includes
creating rules and regulations, identify bosses and giving
authority, job description.
Where Do Managers Work
The Structure may be open and flexible, like Google or the
structure may be more traditional like Procter & Gamble, with
clearly defined rules, regulations, job descriptions, and some
members identified as “bosses” who have authority over other
members.
 Many of today’s organizations are structured more like Google,
with flexible work arrangements, employee work teams, open
communication systems, and supplier alliances. In these
organizations, work is defined in terms of tasks to be done. And
workdays have no time boundaries since work can and is done
anywhere, anytime.
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What is Management?
Management is the process of achieving organizational
goals through planning, organizing and leading and
controlling the human, physical, financial and information
resources of the organization in an effective and efficient
manner.
It is the process of designing and
maintaining an environment in
which individual, working
together in groups, efficiently
accomplish selected aims.
Efficiency & Effectiveness in Management

Management is coordinating work activities so that they are
completed efficiently & effectively with & through other people.
Efficiency: Efficiency refers to getting the most output
from the least amount of inputs. Because managers deal
with scarce inputs, including resources such as people,
money, and equipment. they’re concerned with the efficient
use of those resources. It’s often referred to as “doing
things right” i.e. Not wasting resources by efficient
manufacturing techniques were implemented by doing
things such as cutting inventory levels, decreasing the
amount of time to manufacture products, and lowering
product reject rates.
 Efficiency is concerned with means of getting things done
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Efficiency & Effectiveness in Management
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Effectiveness: is often described as “doing the right things” that
is, doing those work activities that will help the organization
reach its goals. e.g. at the N.M Furniture factory, goals included
meeting customers’ rigorous demands, executing world-class
manufacturing strategies, and making employee jobs easier and
safer. Through various work initiatives, these goals were
pursued and achieved
 Effectiveness is concerned with the ENDs i.e.
attainment of organizational goals.
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Poor management (which leads to poor performance) usually
involves being inefficient and ineffective or being effective, but
inefficient.
Efficiency & Effectiveness in Management
Management is not only concerned with getting activities completed and
meeting organizational goals (Effectiveness) but is also with doing with
minimum resources (efficiently) as much as possible.
What Do Managers Do?
Managers perform a number of activities to achieve the
results. They coordinate and control organizational resources,
lead their people into the future and help their organizations
respond to everything from technological changes to social
expectations
 Just as not two organizations are alike, not two managers’
jobs are alike. There are few activities which are common in
all managers’ jobs, although not in the same order.
 There are three approaches to defining what managers do.
 Functions they perform.
 Roles they play.
 Skills they need.
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Management Functions
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Functional Approach: Managers perform certain activities or
functions as they efficiently and effectively coordinate the work
of others. What are these functions? Henri Fayol, a French
businessman, first proposed in the early part of the twentieth
century that all managers perform five functions: planning,
organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. Today,
these functions have been condensed to four:
 planning, organizing, leading, and controlling
 Planning: Organizations exist to achieve some particular
purpose, someone must define that purpose and the means for its
achievement. Managers are that someone. As managers engage in
planning, they set goals, establish strategies for achieving those
goals, and develop plans to integrate and coordinate activities.
Management Functions
Organizing: Managers are also responsible for arranging
and structuring work to accomplish the organization’s goals.
this function is organizing.
 When managers organize, they determine

what tasks are to be done,
 who is to do them,
 how the tasks are to be grouped,
 who reports to whom,
 where decisions are to be made.

Management Functions
 Leading: Every organization has people, and a
manager’s job is to work with and through people
to accomplish goals. This is the leading function.
 When managers motivate subordinates, help
resolve work group conflicts, influence
individuals or teams as they work, select the most
effective communication channel, or deal in any
way with employee behavior issues, they’re
leading.
Management Functions
After goals and plans are set (planning), tasks and
structural arrangements put in place (organizing), and
people hired, trained, and motivated (leading), there has to
be some evaluation of whether things are going as planned.
 To ensure that goals are being met and that work is being
done as it should be, managers must monitor and evaluate
performance.
 Actual performance must be compared with the set goals.
If those goals aren’t being achieved, it’s the manager’s job
to get work back on track. This process of monitoring,
comparing, and correcting is the controlling function.
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Management Functions
When manager is working to keep her employees motivated and
engaged, that’s leading. As she makes out the week’s schedule,
that’s planning. When she is trying to cut costs, those actions
obviously involve controlling. And dealing with unhappy customers
is likely to involve leading, controlling, and maybe even planning.
Management Roles
Henry Mintzberg, a well-known management researcher,
studied actual managers at work. He concluded that what
managers do can best be described by looking at the managerial
roles they engage in at work. managerial roles refers to specific
actions or behaviors expected of and exhibited by a manager.
When describing what managers do from a roles perspective,
we’re not looking at a specific person per se, but at the
expectations and responsibilities that are associated with being
the person in that role.
 These roles can be grouped as those concerned with
 Interpersonal relationships
 Transfer of information
 Decision making
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Management Roles
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The interpersonal roles are ones that involve people
(subordinates and persons outside the organization) and other
duties that are ceremonial and symbolic in nature. The three
interpersonal roles include figurehead, leader, and liaison.
 Figurehead: managers as head of an organization often
represent their organizations in ceremonial and symbolic
activities. Serving as figurehead, the manager may present
awards or entertain important customers.
 Leader: All manager have a role as a leader. This role
includes Hiring, training, motivating and disciplining
employees.
 Liaison: Performing role as liaison, building relationship with
people outside the manager’s own unit. Manager may meet
with peers, customers, corporate staff and others.
Management Roles
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Informational roles: The informational roles involve collecting,
receiving, and disseminating information. The three informational
roles include monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson.
 Monitor: Manager continuously scan the environment to pick
up useful information.
 Disseminator: in this role managers share and distribute the
information they have acquired from one subordinate to
another.
 Spokesperson: In this role manager provides the information
to people outside the organization. Top managers play a key
part of their regular management duties as they interact with
government official, consumer groups, giving information to
media.
Management Roles
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Decisional roles: Managerial roles that revolve around making
decisions or choices. these decisions range from minor choices
that affect few people to major strategic decisions that can affect
the entire organization. Decisional roles include entrepreneur,
disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator.
 Entrepreneur: searches organization and its environment
for opportunities and initiates.
 Disturbance handler: Responsible for corrective action
when organization faces important unexpected disturbances.
 Resource Allocator: Responsible for all the allocation of
organization resources of all kinds- making or approving all
significant organizational decisions.
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Negotiator: Responsible for representing the organization at major
negotiations.
Management Skills
Managers need certain skills to perform the varied duties and
activities associated with being a manager. Robert L. Katz
proposed that managers need three critical skills in managing:
technical, human, and conceptual.
 Technical skills: are the job specific knowledge and techniques
needed to proficiently perform specialized work tasks. These
skills are more important for first-line managers because they are
managing employees who use tools and techniques to produce the
organization’s products or Service.
 Human skills: involve the ability to work well with other people
both individually and in a group. Because all managers deal with
people, these skills are equally important to all levels of
management. Managers with good human skills get the best out
of their people. They know how to communicate, motivate, lead,
and inspire enthusiasm and trust.
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Management Skills
Conceptual skills are the skills managers use to think and to
conceptualize about abstract and complex situations. Using
these skills, managers see the organization as a whole,
understand the relationships among various subunits, and
visualize how the organization fits into its broader environment.
These skills are most important to top managers.
 Important Managerial Skills
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Managing human capital
 Inspiring commitment
 Managing change
 Structuring work and getting things done
 Facilitating the psychological and social contexts of work
 Using purposeful networking
 Managing decision-making processes
 Managing strategy and innovation
 Managing logistics and technology
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How The Manager’s Job Is Changing
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Organizations are changing because the world around them has
changed and is continuing to change. In today’s world, managers
are dealing with global economic and political uncertainties,
changing workplaces, ethical issues, security threats, and
changing technology.
How The Manager’s Job Is Changing
Importance of Customers to the Manager’s Job: the reason
that organizations exist.
 Managing customer relationships is the responsibility of all
managers and employees. Managers are recognizing that
delivering consistent high-quality customer service is
essential for survival and success in today’s competitive
environment and that employees are an important part of that
equation.
 Importance of Innovation to the Manager’s Job: Innovation
means doing things differently, exploring new territory, and
taking risks. And innovation isn’t just for high-tech or other
technologically sophisticated organizations. Innovative efforts
can be found in all types of organizations. Managers should
encourage employees to be aware of and act on opportunities for
innovation.
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How The Manager’s Job Is Changing
Importance of Sustainability to the Manager’s Job:
sustainability has been defined as a company’s ability to
achieve its business goals and increase long-term
shareholder value by integrating economic, environmental,
and social opportunities into its business strategies.
 What’s emerging in the twenty-first century is the concept
of managing in a sustainable way, which has had the effect
of widening corporate responsibility not only to managing
in an efficient and effective way, but also to responding
strategically to a wide range of environmental and societal
challenges.
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Why Study Management?
Management is needed in all types and sizes of organizations,
at all organizational levels and in all organizational work areas,
and in all organizations, no matter where they’re located. This
is known as the universality of management.
 Studying management enables one to recognize good
management, and encourage it, and recognize poor
management, and work to get it corrected.
 The reality of work: after graduating, students will either
manage or be managed. A course in management provides
insights into the way managers behave and into the internal
working of organizations. Students don’t have to aspire to be a
manager to gain something valuable from a course in
management.
 Entrepreneurship: students may want to become entrepreneurs.
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Universal Need for Management
All Sizes of Organizations
Small
All Organizational Areas
Manufacturing —Marketing
Human Resources —Accounting
Information Systems —etc.
Large
All Types of Organizations
Management
Is Needed
in...
Profit
Not-for-Profit
All Organization Levels
Bottom
Top
Managers in all kinds of settings will plan, organize, lead, control.
Rewards & Challenges of Being a Manager
There are many challenges. It can be a tough and often
thankless job.
 Managers often have to deal with a variety of personalities
and have to make do with limited resources. It can be a
challenge to motivate workers in the face of uncertainty
and chaos,
 managers may find it difficult to successfully blend the
knowledge, skills, ambitions, and experiences of a diverse
work group.
 As a manager, you’re not in full control of your destiny.
Your success typically is dependent upon others’ work
performance.
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Rewards & Challenges of Being a Manager
Learning Outcomes
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Explain how managers differ from non-managerial employees.
Describe how to classify managers in organizations.
Define management. Explain why efficiency and effectiveness
are important to management.
Describe the four functions of management. Explain
Mintzberg’s managerial roles.
Describe Katz’s three essential managerial skills and how these
are important at different managerial level.
Explain the characteristics of an organization.
Describe how today’s organizations are structured.
Discuss why it’s important to understand management.
Explain the universality of management concept.
Describe the rewards and challenges of being a manager