Formulas
ϱ = m/v (density)
m = n/M (moles)
𝐶 = 𝑛/𝑉 (molarity or concentration)
𝝆 = 𝑷𝑴/𝑹𝑻 (gas density) (M is molarity
or concentration)
𝑃 ∝ 1/𝑉 or 𝑃1𝑉1 = 𝑃2𝑉2
𝑉 ∝ 𝑇 or 𝑉1/𝑇1 = 𝑉2/𝑇2
percentage yield = actual yield/theoretical
yield × 100%
percent excess = n(unreacted)/n(needed) 1
𝑉∝𝑛
Tips
For limiting reactant, calculate using the
moles of the limiting reactant.
A sample of an ideal gas is heated from 50
to 150 °C in a rigid container. After heating,
the pressure is: 1/3 higher