Lecture 1
ME150 Materials Science &
Engineering I
Chapter 1 -
COURSE MATERIALS
Required textbook:
Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction
W.D. Callister, Jr. and D.G. Rethwisch, 5th – 8th -10th edition,
John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (2010).
Reading Material:
Schaffer, J. P., Saxena, A., Antolovich, S. D., Senders, Jr.,T. H. and Warner, S.
B., “The Science and Design of Engineering Materials” R. D. Irwın,
Shackelford, J. F. “Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers” Macmillan
Publishing Inc.
Chapter 1 -
Virtual Materials Science &
Engineering (VMSE)
Website: http://www.wileyplus.com/college/callister
Student Companion Site
• Users can manipulate molecules and crystals to
better visualize atomic structures
• Unit cells such as BCC, FCC, HCP
• Crystallographic planes, directions, and defects
• Polymer repeat units and molecules
• Diffusion computations
Chapter 1 - 3
GRADING
Homework, Report, Quiz
Midterm
Final
50%
20%
50%
Quizzes can be pop-up or informed
%70 attendance is necessary. Attendance will affect your final grade.
Signature will be taken only one time during the lecture. If you are late
you should wait for the break; but you’ll not be allowed the sign.
Chapter 1 - 4
Course Schedule
1. Introduction (1 week)
2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding (2 weeks)
3. The Structure of Crystalline Solids (2 weeks)
4. Imperfections in Solids (1 week)
5. Diffusion (1 week)
Midterm
1. Mechanical Properties of Metals (2 weeks)
2. Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms (2 weeks)
3. Failure (2 weeks)
s
Chapter 1 - 5
Introduction
• What is materials science?
• Why should we know about it?
• Materials Science – Investigating relationships that
exist between the structure and properties of
materials
• Materials Engineering – Is, on the basis of these
structure-property correlations, designing or
engineering the structure of a material to produce a
pre-determined set of properties
Chapter 1 - 6
Historical Perspective
Materials drive our society:
Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Modern Era
Silicon
Graphene
Composites
Polymers
Nano material
Bio materials
Stones
Pottery
Metals
Modern Times
Chapter 1 - 7
Historical Perspective
Chapter 1 - 8
Understanding the Materials
Processing
Structure
Properties
Performance
Chapter 1 - 9
Electrical
• Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
6
Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister &
Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 18.8 adapted
from: J.O. Linde, Ann Physik 5, 219
(1932); and C.A. Wert and R.M.
Thomson, Physics of Solids, 2nd
edition, McGraw-Hill Company, New
York, 1970.)
(10-8 Ohm-m)
Resistivity, r
5
4
3
2
1
0
-200
-100
0
T (ºC)
• Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity.
• Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
Chapter 1 - 10
Thermal
-- Silica fiber insulation
offers low heat conduction.
Adapted from chapteropening photograph,
Chapter 17, Callister &
Rethwisch 3e. (Courtesy
of Lockheed
Missiles and Space
Company, Inc.)
100 mm
• Thermal Conductivity
of Copper:
-- It decreases when
you add zinc!
Thermal Conductivity
(W/m-K)
• Space Shuttle Tiles:
Adapted from
Fig. 19.4W, Callister
6e. (Courtesy of
Lockheed Aerospace
Ceramics Systems,
Sunnyvale, CA)
(Note: "W" denotes fig.
is on CD-ROM.)
400
300
200
100
0
0
10 20 30 40
Composition (wt% Zinc)
Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister & Rethwisch
8e. (Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook:
Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and
Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker,
(Managing Editor), American Society for Metals,
1979, p. 315.)
Chapter 1 - 11
Magnetic
• Magnetic Storage:
vs. Composition:
-- Adding 3 atomic % Si
makes Fe a better
recording medium!
Magnetization
-- Recording medium
is magnetized by
recording head.
• Magnetic Permeability
Fe+3%Si
Fe
Magnetic Field
Fig. 20.23, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and
A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of
Engineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9,
1973. Electronically reproduced
by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Chapter 1 - 12
Optical
• Transmittance:
-- Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material structure.
single crystal
polycrystal:
low porosity
polycrystal:
high porosity
Adapted from Fig. 1.2,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
(Specimen preparation,
P.A. Lessing; photo by S.
Tanner.)
Chapter 1 - 13
Deteriorative
• Stress & Saltwater...
crack speed in salt water!
crack speed (m/s)
-- causes cracks!
• Heat treatment: slows
10-8
10-10
Adapted from chapter-opening photograph,
Chapter 16, Callister & Rethwisch 3e.
(from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and
Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.)
“as-is”
“held at
160ºC for 1 hr
before testing”
Alloy 7178 tested in
saturated aqueous NaCl
solution at 23ºC
increasing load
Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and
Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John
Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source: Markus O. Speidel, Brown
Boveri Co.)
-- material:
4 mm
7150-T651 Al "alloy"
(Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)
Adapted from Fig. 11.26,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Provided courtesy of G.H.
Narayanan and A.G. Miller, Boeing Commercial Airplane
Chapter 1 - 14
Company.)
Structure, Processing, & Properties
• Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness vs structure of steel
(d)
Hardness (BHN)
600
500
400
(c)
(a)
(b)
4 mm
300
200
30 mm
30 mm
100
0.01 0.1
30 mm
Data obtained from Figs. 10.30(a)
and 10.32 with 4 wt% C composition,
and from Fig. 11.14 and associated
discussion, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.
10.19; (b) Fig. 9.30;(c) Fig. 10.33;
and (d) Fig. 10.21, Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
1
10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)
• Processing can change structure
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
Chapter 1 - 15
Why study Materials Science?
• Civil : Building materials, steel, concrete
• Mechanical : Conveyors, engines, robotics
• Energy: Turbines, wind mills, battery, electrical car
• Electrical: Chips, displays, circuits, breakers
• Aerospace: Space shuttles, satellites,
• Etc….
Chapter 1 - 16
Materials Selection
• Application:
– Needs, requirements
– Environment
• Properties
– Mechanical, optical, magnetic, electric,
thermal, chemical
• Cost
– Ease of production
– Access to raw materials
– Access to production technique
Chapter 1 - 17
The Materials Selection Process
1. Pick Application
Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.
2. Properties
Identify candidate Material(s)
Material: structure, composition.
3. Material
Identify required Processing
Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.
Chapter 1 - 18
Types of Materials
• Metals:
– Strong, ductile
– High thermal & electrical conductivity
– Opaque, reflective.
• Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding  sharing of e’s
– Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
– Thermal & electrical insulators
– Optically translucent or transparent.
• Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) – compounds of metallic
& non-metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)
– Brittle, glassy, elastic
– Non-conducting (insulators)
• Semiconductors, nano materials, bio materials,
composites
Chapter 1 - 19
Example – Hip Implant
• With age or certain illnesses joints deteriorate.
Particularly those with large loads (such as hip).
Adapted from Fig. 22.25, Callister 7e.
Chapter 1 - 20
Example – Hip Implant
• Requirements
– mechanical
strength (many
cycles)
– good lubricity
– biocompatibility
Adapted from Fig. 22.24, Callister 7e.
Chapter 1 - 21
Example – Hip Implant
Adapted from Fig. 22.26, Callister 7e.
Chapter 1 - 22
Hip Implant
• Key problems to overcome
– fixation agent to hold
acetabular cup
– cup lubrication material
– femoral stem – fixing agent
(“glue”)
– must avoid any debris in cup
Ball
Acetabular
Cup and Liner
Femoral
Stem
Adapted from chapter-opening photograph,
Chapter 22, Callister 7e.
Chapter 1 - 23
Selection Examples
• Car hood: easy to shape, strong, good
transfer, moderately cheap
• Space shuttle skin: extremely stable, heat
resistant, money is not an issue, low
weight
• Satellite wings: Extremely, good thermal
conductivity, low weight, money is not an
issue
• Soldier protection vs police protection
Chapter 1 - 24
Future of Materials Science
Design of materials having specific desired characteristics directly from our
knowledge of atomic structure.
•
•
•
•
•
Miniaturization: “Nanostructured" materials, with microstructure that has
length scales between 1 and 100 nanometers with unusual properties.
Electronic components, materials for quantum computing.
Smart materials: airplane wings that adjust to the air flow conditions,
buildings that stabilize themselves in earthquakes…
Environment-friendly materials: biodegradable or photodegradable
plastics, advances in nuclear waste processing, etc.
Learning from Nature: shells and biological hard tissue can be as strong as
the most advanced laboratory-produced ceramics, mollusces produce
biocompatible adhesives that we do not know how to reproduce…
Materials for lightweight batteries with high storage densities, for turbine
blades that can operate at 2500°C, room-temperature superconductors?
chemical sensors (artificial nose) of extremely high sensitivity, cotton shirts
that never require ironing
Chapter 1 - 25
SUMMARY
Course Goals:
• Use the right material for the job.
• Understand the relation between properties,
structure, and processing.
• Recognize new design opportunities offered
by materials selection.
Chapter 1 - 26