DIVERSITY AND SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION IN THE CITY
UNIT 2
Movement And Settlement In The Cities
Why do people move?
The movement of people to cities. known as urbanization, has become a defining trend of modern times.
City life living can have many positive impacts compared to rural life. Because of these advantages, the majority of the global population
currently dwells in cities. While rural living is less tense, urban life has a large population and numerous benefits for individuals.
While cities offer numerous advantages, it's essential to consider the challenges that also come with urban living. The decision to move to a
city should align with individual preferences and priorities.
People move to cities for variety of reasons, including better job opportunities, access to education and healthcare, cultural amenities, and a
more vibrant social life. People move because they believe that relocating can better their own lives or the lives of their families.
The Search for a New Home
As urbanization continues to shape the global landscape, the search for a new home in cities has become a pivotal experience for many.
Examines the driving factors and considerations that guide, ranging from practical concerns to personal aspirations.
Factors Shaping the Home Search in Cities:
1.
Budget and Affordability – analyze how individuals determine their housing budget, weighing factors such as income, savings, and
cost of living in the chosen city.
2.
Location and Commute – examine how the proximity to workplaces, schools, and public transportations.
3.
Housing Options – explore the diverse range of housing types, including apartments, condos, townhouses, and single-family homes,
and how individual preferences impact these choices.
4.
Neighborhood Dynamics – investigate the role of safety, community atmosphere, noise levels, and overall neighborhood vibe in the
decision-making process.
5.
Amenities and Services – analyze the significance of nearby parks, shopping centers, medical facilities, and entertainment options in
enhancing the appeal of the potential home.
6.
Future Growth and Development – consider how knowledge of planned urban developments, infrastructure projects, and
neighborhood revitalization efforts impact long-term home choices.
Political Factors
In the context of migration, a political factor refers to aspects of a country's political environment that influence people's decisions to move
from one place to another. This can include factors like government policies on immigration, political instability, human rights issues, conflict, and
persecution. Political factors can play a crucial role in determining why individuals or groups choose to migrate in search of safety, better
opportunities, or a more favorable political climate.
Types Of Political Factors
1. State Persecution - State persecution includes harassing, discriminating, and torturing persons who disagree with their government, who
have religious beliefs or cultural backgrounds of minorities. Since their country's conditions are unhealthy, their choice is to move to safer nations.
2. Lack of political liberty - The lack of political freedoms and privileges and endemic corruption
serve as a driving force for migration seeking liberty and equality. Even though people who migrated has no problem in their places of birth,
concerns that limit people's freedoms cause them to leave.
3. Cultural Political - Political instability created by cultural diversity allows individuals with a specific cultural identity to move within the
country or away from their homeland. As a result of conflicts or racial clashes, the ethical communities initially left apart may be forced into the same
territorial borders. The influx of one ethnic group may replace another group. Governments may also force cultural organizations to migrate from one
place to another (within or outside the country) to achieve political benefit by providing less cultural diversity.
Economic Factors

Economic factors are internal and external factors in the market that affect the economy, including interest rates, tax rates, laws, policies,
wages, and governmental activities.

These factors are not directly related to the business but influence the investment value in the future. Macro and micro economic factors
affect the profit-making process of the company and its efficiency
Types of Economic Factors

Inflation - Inflation refers to sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services over time it affects purchasing power
and cost of living.

Unemployment - unemployment is a critical economic factor that measure the number of people actively seeking employment but
unable to find suitable jobs.

Interest rates - interest rates play a crucial role in influencing borrowing cost, investment decisions, and overall economic activity.

International trade - plays a vital role in economic growth and development .Factors such as tariffs, trade agreements,
export/import regulations, and exchange rates impact the volume and nature if international trade.
Cultural And Social Factors
► Food
► Education
► Quality of life
► Cultural Persecution
► Cultural
► Cultural Integration
► Cultural Opportunities
► Family and Community Ties
► Cultural and Social Conflicts
►Cultural Diversity
► Social Progression
► Religious Freedom
► Social Safety Nets
FOOD - The culture of food production is several from different countries around the world. Each country have their own unique delicacies which
attracts the people. For example, Luzon loves the lechon of Cebu in Visayaz.
EDUCATION - In terms of education, many parents send their children to private school or perhaps the entire family to other countries with
prestigious schools such as Harvard University, Stanford University, and Oxford University in the United States.
QUALITY OF LIFE - Quality of life is a very subjective measure of happiness that influences many financial decisions including the well-being
of individuals, communities, and cultures. It is a comprehensive indicator that can be used to assess city and country improvement initiatives. As with
living circumstances, safety precautions, and most importantly, happiness, you must experience when you are in the city.
CULTURAL PERSECUTION - Individuals who face cultural persecution, discrimination, or restrictions on exercising their cultural beliefs may
decide to relocate in order to escape such circumstances and find a place where they can freely express their identity.
FAMILY AND COMMUNITY TIES - Cultural and social ties play an important influence in migration. People frequently relocate to be closer
to family members, friends, or communities that share their cultural heritage. This sense of belonging can inspire people to migrate.
CULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES - The pursuit of cultural opportunities, such as joining lively artistic or cultural scenes in certain towns or
regions that correspond with an individual's interests and identity, might drive migration.
CULTURAL INTEGRATION - Some people may relocate to areas where they believe they would be able to more readily incorporate their
cultural practices and traditions into daily life, boosting their sense of identity and belonging.
CULTURAL DIVERSITY - The appeal of living in a culturally diverse area, on the other hand, might also encourage migration. People may
relocate to cosmopolitan cities or diverse regions in order to gain exposure to new cultures, languages, and experiences.
SOCIAL PROGRESSION - Migration decisions can be influenced by aspects of societal progress such as gender equality and acceptance of
varied lifestyles. Individuals may relocate to areas where their own preferences are more recognized.
RELIGIOUS FREEDOM - The desire for religious freedom can drive migration. Individuals facing religious persecution may seek refuge in
nations where they can practice their faith freely.
SOCIAL SAFETY NETS - Some countries provide more comprehensive social safety nets, such as healthcare, social assistance, and
unemployment benefits. This may encourage migrants looking for better social support networks.
CULTURAL AND SOCIAL CONFLICTS - Migration can also be triggered by cultural and social tensions within a region. People may relocate
to avoid cultural issues or to avoid being part of an environment that does not reflect their ideals.
STRUCTURAL DETERMINANTS: RURAL PUSH FACTORS AND URBAN PULL FACTORS
What is structural determinants of migration?
The complicated phenomena of migration is influenced by a wide range of circumstances on both an individual and societal level.
Understanding the fundamental causes of people moving from rural to urban areas requires an understanding of the structural factors of migration.
Rural Push Factors
- Are people and families' decisions to leave their homes and migrate to metropolitan areas or other regions influenced by the socioeconomic
and environmental challenges existing in rural communities.
Here some key factors that push individuals from rural settings and pull them toward urban environments:
1.Economic Hardship - People may leave their current jobs in search of better ones elsewhere due to a lack of employment possibilities, low
pay, poverty, and dim economic prospects.
2.Lack of Services - Limited access to healthcare, education, and other basic services
3.Agricultural Challenges - Rural populations that are heavily dependent on agriculture are at risk from things like erratic weather patterns,
crop failures, and soil erosion.
4.Poverty and Lack of Opportunities - When people and communities do not have access to economic opportunity, education, healthcare, and
basic necessities.
5.Environmental Factors - Natural disasters, climate-related events, and environmental degradation are examples of environmental changes
that can disrupt livelihoods and force people to move to more livable regions.
It's important to note that these factors can vary in significance depending on the specific context and region. Additionally, migration decisions
are often influenced by a combination of push and pull factors, as well as individual circumstances and personal aspirations.
Urban Pull Factors
- Urban pull factors are the positive attributes and opportunities present in urban areas that attract individuals and families to migrate from rural
or less developed regions. These factors make urban living appealing and create incentives for people to move to cities or other urban centers.
1.Economic Opportunities - People looking to raise their standard of living may be drawn by the promise of better employment opportunities,
higher income, and better economic prospects.
2.Political Stability - Countries with stable political environments and respect for human rights can be attractive to individuals seeking safety
and security.
3.Quality of Life - People may relocate to areas with greater standards of living if there are advantages such as improved social services,
healthcare, and general quality of life.
4.Freedom and Opportunities - Countries with more freedoms, equal rights, and opportunities for personal and professional growth can attract
migrants seeking a better life.
It's important to note that while urban pull factors are attractive, urban areas can also present challenges such as high living costs, increased
competition, and potential social and environmental issues. Additionally, the relative importance of these factors can vary depending on the
individual's background, priorities, and personal circumstances.