Memory operates through a three-stage process involving sensory memory, short-term
memory, and long-term memory. Initially, sensory input is captured briefly in sensory
memory, where it is stored for a very short duration, typically a fraction of a second. This
stage serves as a buffer for incoming information, allowing the brain to filter and prioritize
data for further processing.
From sensory memory, selected information moves into short-term memory, where it is
actively processed. Short-term memory has a limited capacity, often described as being
able to hold around seven items for a short period, usually about 20 to 30 seconds. This
stage is crucial for tasks requiring immediate attention and manipulation of information,
such as remembering a phone number long enough to dial it. Information in short-term
memory can be maintained longer through rehearsal, a process of repeating the
information mentally or aloud.
For information to transition from short-term to long-term memory, it must undergo
encoding, a process where it is transformed into a format suitable for long-term storage.
Various encoding techniques, such as organizing information into meaningful patterns or
associating new data with existing knowledge, enhance this transfer.
Long-term memory has a vast capacity and can store information for extended periods,
ranging from minutes to a lifetime. It includes both explicit memories, which are
consciously recalled, such as facts and events, and implicit memories, which are
unconscious and relate to skills and procedures. Retrieval, the process of accessing stored
information from long-term memory, can bring data back into short-term memory for active
use.
Overall, the memory process relies on the effective encoding, storage, and retrieval of
information, with each stage playing a vital role in how we perceive, retain, and utilize our
experiences and knowledge.