Module 1 ● Article 1156 of the Civil Code of the Philippines, New Civil Code of the Philippines Mga batas na nagsasaad kung pa’no makitungo sa bawat isa Took effect on August 30,1950 ● An obligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do or not to do. - ● Juridical necessity: maari kang i-demanda sa korte kung hindi mo na-comply yung naipangako mong gagawin mo sa ibang tao A civil obligation is enforceable by court action unlike natural obligations. Natural obligations are civil obligations but because of the long passage of time, your rights about that subject matter “expire” or be prescribed. Question: Yung mga utang ba na nag-prescribed na pwede pa rin bayaran? ○ YES especially if the payor is voluntarily paying even after the prescriptive period Question: What if after ng bayaran bigla siyang nagipit ang kailangan na niya ulit yung pera? Pwede niya bang bawiin sayo yung binayad niya na sayo dati para sa isang nag prescribed na utang? ○ NO hindi na pwedeng bawiin. The amount paid sa isang natural obligation na lamang ay hindi na pwede ma-recover kasi it’s considered a valid payment. ○ The manner of paying is an admission on the part of the debtor na may kailangan pa siyang bayaran na utang. Kahit nag prescribed or nag-expire na, in-acknowledge pa rin niya na may utang pa siya and bawal bawiin yung binayad niya. Example of prescriptive period: - Obligations arising from a written contract. Under the Law, 10 years lang bago mag prescribed yung rights mo. ● ● ● Ex: ikaw ay nagpautang, at yung utang na yon ay nasa written contract, sabi sa batas sa loob ng 10 years you need to do things and exert effort such as give a demand letter for you to collect yung mga utang sayo. After 10 years nag-eexpire or nag-prescribe na ang karapatan mong makakolekta. May civil obligation ka at yung nangutang sayo sa loob ng 10 years After 10 years kung wala kang ginawang paniningil ng utang, yung civil obligation mo magiging natural obligation na lang O May obligation pa rin siyang magbayad sayo pero hindi mo na siya pwedeng kasuhan O Voluntarily na lang yung pagbabayad niya sayo since nag prescribed na yung katapatan mo, hindi mo na siya pwedeng takutin na dadalhin sa korte. Requisites/Elements of an obligation: a. Active subject (creditor or obligee) - the party who has the right to demand performance of the obligation. ○ Sa oras ng singilan, siya yung mas may gustong ma-push through yung event kaya active subject b. Passive subject (debtor or obligor) - the party who is required to perform the obligation ○ Ang mga may utang usually tahimik lang hangga’t hindi ka pa sinisingil or hindi agad mag-volunteer kasi ikaw yung mawawalan ng pera. Tahimik: passive c. Prestation (object or subject matter) - it may consist of giving, doing, or not doing something/ ○ Ito yung kailangang gawin d. Efficient cause (vinculum juris or juridical tie) that which binds the parties of an obligation ○ Reason why need gawin ni passive subject yung obligation niya kay active subject Illustration: Through a contract of loan, Diego borrowed P1,000,000 from Cardo a year ago. On the maturity date, who/what is the active subject, passive subject, prestation, and the efficient cause? ● ● ● ● Active subject: Cardo Passive subject: Diego Prestation: The giving of P1,000,000 Efficient cause: Contract of loan - Forms of an obligation: a. Oral b. In writing c. Partly oral and partly in writing Kinds of obligation according to the subject matter a. Real Obligations ○ Latin word “res” - object ○ Real obligation is the giving of an object ○ Represents to give ○ Example: magbigay ka, magdeliver ka ng cellphone b. Personal Obligations 1. Positive personal obligation ○ Represents to do ○ Gumawa ng bahay, kumanta sa concert 2. Negative personal obligation ○ Represents not to do ○ Huwag mong gawin yung bagay na yon ○ Huwag mong harangan yung daanan ng kapitbahay (right of way) Sources of Obligation: Article 1157. Obligations arise from: 1. Law ○ It is a rule of conduct, just and obligatory, laid down by legitimate authority for common observance and benefit. ○ Article 1158. Obligations derived from law are not presumed. Only those expressly determined in this Code or in special laws are demandable, and shall be regulated by the precepts of the law which established them; and as to what has not been foreseen, by the provisions of this Book. Not presumed: dapat may actual or specific law bago mo masabi na may obligation ang tao 2. Example: Tax Laws or TRAIN LAW - obligation to pay taxes. Family Code of the Philippines: obligations of family members to each other Obligation ng mga magulang na alagaan ang mga anak lalo na ang mga menor de edad kasama na dito ang pagbibigay ng sustento Civil obligation and criminal liability ang hindi pagbibigay ng sustento Contracts ○ It is the meeting of the minds between two or more persons whereby one binds himself with the respect to the other to give something or to render some service. ○ At any time that there is a meeting of the minds or si buyer at seller magkapareho sila ng pananaw or they came into an agreement, meron silang contract ○ Article 1159. Obligations arising from contracts have the force of law between the contracting parties and should be compelled with in good faith. Once may contract, such as contract of sale, may force of law. Para sa inyo (buyer and seller), yon ang batas ang anuman ang nailagay sa contract as long as it is not contrary to law, public morals, policy and good customs, pwede mag-stipulate (demand or specify) kung ano gusto niyo ilagay na provisions sa contract. 3. Quasi-contracts ○ They refer to certain lawful, voluntary and unilateral acts giving rise to a juridical relation to the end that no one shall be unjustly enriched at the expense of another. contract” hindi siya ○ “Parang full-pledged contract because of “unilateral” - isa lang ang nag decide to push through unlike sa regular contract na bilateral ○ The two most common examples are: Negotiorum gestio This refers to the voluntary administration of property, business, or affairs of another without his consent or authority. There is now an obligation to reimburse the gestor for the necessary and useful expenses. Example: nagpunta sa ibang bansa yung kapitbahay mo tapos biglang nagkaroon ng calamity, and nasira yung bubong ng mga hawla ng hayop, so there is a tendency na makatakas sila. Bilang mabuting kapitbahay, on your own initiative, pinaayos mo yung hawla ng hayop. Ikaw lang, unilaterally, and nag decide Upon returning of your neighbor, may obligation na siya to reimburse yung mga ginastos mo even though - 4. Delicts ○ ○ initially he didn’t give any approval. Question: what if sinabi ng kapitbahay mo na bakit mo pinaayos, sino nagbigay ng consent? ANG BATAS MISMO ANG NAGSABI OR NAGBIGAY NG CONSENT. Ang point of view ng batas is if yung may-ari ang nasa bahay and nakikita niya na sira na ang hawla, yon din naman ang gagawin niya. And kung may ibang tao na gumawa non para sayo, it is your obligation to reimburse. Solutio indebiti This refers to the payment by mistake of an obligation, in excess of what should have been paid or payment to a person not due to receive it. Namali ang bayad o sumobra ang bayad, may obligation tayo na ibalik ito. Hindi ka pwedeng makinabang at the expense of another person. These are acts or omissions punishable by law. This refers to crimes or felonies defined under the law to be punishable as such. Revised Penal Code: laws about crimes, special penal laws ○ 5. ● Pinagmumulan ng obligation ang crimes kasi may criminal liability na makukulong ka at meron ding civil liability na kailangan may babayaran ka ○ A person that is criminally liable is also civilly liable. ○ Example: crime of arson (panununog ng bagay na pagmamay-ari ng ibang tao) makukulong ka na at kailangan mo pa i-reimburse yung halaga ng nasunog mo) Quasi-delicts Ere ○ Tort or culpa aquilina ○ These are acts or omissions that cause damage to another. There being fault or negligence but without any existing contractual relation between the parties. There is now an obligation to pay for damages. ○ “Parang crime” ○ Intent: meron sa crime, wala sa quasi-delict Sa crime, nandon yung intention mo na makasakit Sa quasi delict, walang intention na makasakit pero nakasakit ka pa rin due to negligence ○ Example: nagmamaneho ka ng sasakyan pero dahil sa pagmamadali mo, nakasagasa ka (wala kang intent pero dahil sa negligence mo nakaaksidente ka) so you have to pay for the damages such as bill sa hospital Nature and Effect of Obligations Article 1163. ● Every person obliged to give something is also obliged to take care of it with the proper diligence of a good father of a family, unless the law or the stipulation of the parties requires another standard of care. ● Tulad ng isang pag-aalaga ng isang ama sa isang pamilya: gagawin mo ang lahat para hindi mapahamak ang iyong mag-ina ○ Example: nagtitinda ka ng pets at may bumili sayo ng aso tapos iddeliver mo sa buyer next week. Hindi porket bayad na, pababayaan mo na lang yung aso. Proper diligence of a good father of a ● family implies na kailangan alagaan mo pa rin siya. Unless nanghihingi pa ng higher standard of care ○ Example: everytime sumasakay tayo sa jeep and other public transportation, we enter a contract of carriage. Under the law, it requires the kind of care na extraordinary diligence, ibig sabihin na ganon ka dapat alagaan ng mga transportation vehicles. Pinapangako ng drivers na safe ka makakarating ka sa pupuntahan mo and if naaksidente kayo, that is a breach of contract dahil hindi nasunod ng driver yung extraordinary diligence Pag sasakay ka ng jeep at hindi ka pa nakakaupo at nasubsob ka, liable pa rin yung driver dahil di niya inexercise yung extraordinary diligence. It is a violation to take good care of the passengers. Determinate/specific thing vs. Generic thing ● A thing is considered to be determinate if it is particularly designated and physically segregated from all other objects of the same class. Example: ● I will give you a Toyota vios with plate number ABC123. - Naging mas specific with the plate number kasi bawat kotse ay may plate number but sya lang yung may number na ganon. ● I will give you a house located at 54B Scout Tuazon, Quezon City. (Specific because of the location) ● I will give you the pen that I am holding right now. - Kahit hindi mo pangalanan, but you are pertaining to a specific object. ● A generic thing is identified only by its species. The debtor can give anything of the same class as long as it is of the same kind. Example: I will give you a car. - Generic object kasi maraming uri ng kotse. You need to identify kung ano ang determinate or specific kasi yun yung kailangan mo alagaan sa obligation mo. Correlating sa example in the pet shop: hindi lang basta aso yung aalagaan mo, kundi si Casper na binili mo. And if hindi i-specify like: I will give you a dog; pwedeng hindi mo alagaan ng todo yung aso kasi kung mamatay man, matutupad mo pa rin yung pangako or obligation mo na magbigay ng aso. - Genus nungram perit: genus never perishes, na kahit mamatay yung aso may iba namang aso sa ibang lugar. What are the obligations of a debtor obliged to give a determinate thing? 1. To take good care of the thing with the diligence of a good father of a family unless the law or agreement of the parties requires another standard of care. 2. To deliver the thing. Ang delivery ng subject matter ang nakapagpapalit ng ownership Pag nadeliver na ni seller kay buyer yung subject matter, that’s the only time na nalilipat yung ownership. 3. To deliver the fruits of the thing. A. Natural fruits: they are the spontaneous products of the soul and the young and other products of animals. ○ Tumubo na lang nang hindi na kailangan ng tulong ng tao ○ Anak ng hayop (puppy, cattle) ○ Hayop na ipinanganak na may tulong na veterinarian ○ Under the law, ang mga hayop ay natural fruits B. Industrial fruits: they refer to those produced by land of any kind through cultivation or labor. ○ Kailangan ng tulong ng magsasaka bago tumubo (palay, mais, tobacco) C. Civil fruits: efer to fruits that are the result of a juridical relation. ○ Interest income, fruit from the loan ○ Rent income, from your property Article 1164. ● The creditor has a right to the fruits of the thing from the time the obligation to deliver it arises. However, he shall acquire no real right over it until the same has been delivered to him. ○ In this instance, the creditor is considered a buyer or the active object ● Illustration: On August 1, Mr. A promised to give a specific dog to Mr. B. Based on their agreement, the dog should be delivered to Mr. B on August 15. Unfortunately, the dog was delivered on August 31. Unknown to Mr. B, the dog gave birth to 3 puppies on August 21. Who should be entitled to the three puppies? ○ Under the law, lahat ng fruits of the right kay creditor dapat from the time the obligation to deliver it arises. So on August 15, lahat ng fruits (natural fruits) ng dog are entitled to Mr. B kahit na nanganak sa bahay ni Mr. A. ○ What if the dog gave birth on August 10? The puppies are entitled to Mr. A kasi hindi pa dumarating yung time para i-deliver yung dog. ○ If hindi napag-usapan yung date of delivery sa isang contract of sale, dapat itong madeliver immediately. Example: if the dog gave birth the night before your supposed delivery, the puppies are entitled na sa buyer. (Kasi immediately demandable yung delivery kung walang napag-usapan.) Personal right vs. Real right ● Personal right is the right to demand from another, the fulfillment of the latter’s obligation to give, to do or not to do. ● Real right is the right or interest of a person over a specific thing without a definite passive subject against whom the right may be personally enforced. It is binding against the whole world. Example: Si eller may ibinentang specific dog, hanggang hindi pa naiddeliver ni seller yung specific dog kay buyer, ang tanging meron lang si buyer mula kay seller dahil may perfected contract naman is personal right. Hanggang wala pa sa kanya yung aso, wala pa siyang karapatan don sa aso. Since personal right lang meron siya, pwede niya kulitin si seller na ideliver na yung dog, pwede siya magdemand or ilaban against that person. Ang real right naman, magkakaroon ka nito pag na-deliver na yung mismong aso sayo. Yung karapatan niya sa aso pwede niya na ilaban against the world world. Ikaw na yung mismong owner since na tanggap mo na upon delivery, kaya hindi na pwedeng kunin sayo. If ever may kumuha nung aso sayo, pwede mo na kasuhan. Yung Yung personal right mo magiging real right pag na-delivery na sayo. Pag wala pang delivery, ang pwede mo lang habulin ay yung nagtitinda. Ownership over properties are acquired and transmitted by delivery. Accessions vs. Accessories Article 1166. ● The obligations to give a determinate thing includes that of delivering all its accessions and accessories, even though they may not have been mentioned. ● Accessions: they are everything that is incorporated or attached to a thing, either naturally or artificially. ○ Example: bumili ka ng lupa and may nakatanim na puno ng mangga. Kahit hindi sinabi sa contract kung kasama yung puno sa pagmamay-ari mo o delivery, kasama ito dahil ito ay considered na accession kasi naka-incorporate ito sa lupa. But kung explicitly sinabi sa contract na hindi kasama yung puno ng mangga, hindi ito kasama sa delivery. ● Accessories: those joined to or included with the principal thing for the latter’s better use, perfection or enjoyment. ○ Example: wristwatch. The principal thing is the watch itself and the strap is considered an accessory kasi hindi mo ito magagamit ng matino without the strap. ○ Cellphone. Yung battery considered as an accessory kasi pag tinanggal mo yung battery hindi na gagana yung cellphone. ● Yung accession kahit tanggalin mo, kaya pa mag-function nung principal object but yung accessory if tinanggal mo, (may effect sa principal object) hindi mo na magagamit or ma-eenjoy nang maayos yung principal object. ○ Jelly case of a cellphone: accession. Remedies of the creditor ● If the debtor fails to perform his obligations to deliver a determinate thing: ○ To compel the debtor to make the delivery ● ● ● ○ To demand damages from the debtor If the debtor fails to perform his obligation to deliver a generic thing: ○ To ask that the obligation be complied with at the expense of the debtor. Sa iba na bibili, pero si seller na ang magsshoulder ng expenses ○ To demand damages from the debtor. Pwede mong hanapin sa ibang seller yung bagay, kasi meron pang same kind sa iba. If the debtor fails to perform his obligation in obligations to do: ○ If the debtor fails to perform the obligation or performs it but contravenes the tenor thereof, the creditor may have the obligation executed at the expense of the debtor or he may also demand damages from the debtor. Nag-usap kayo ng karpintero na magpapagawa ka ng bahay, pero biglang ayaw nya na. As a customer pwedeng sa ibang karpintero mo na ipagawa pero yung charges shoulder na nung unang karpintero. Pero kung hindi ka makahanap ng iba, pwede mong singilin sa damages. Hindi mo siya pwedeng pilitin gawin yung bahay kung labag na sa loob niy dahil it is a violation of his right against involuntary servitude. ○ If the debtor performs the obligations but does it poorly, the creditor may have the same be undone at the debtor’s expense or he may also demand damages from the debtor. If the debtor does what has been forbidden him: ○ The creditor may demand that what has been done be undone but at his expense. ○ He may also demand damages from the debtor. Grounds for liability to pay damages: Article 1170. ● Those who in the performance of their obligation are guilty of fraud, negligence or delay, and those who in any manner contravene the tenor, thereof, are liable for damages. 2. Damage vs. Injury Damages: refer to the harm done or the sum of money that may be recovered in reparation for the harm done. ● Sum of money na makukuha mo sa perwisyong napala ● Harm done: may isang criminal na sumunog ng bahay mo/ na-damage bahay mo, ang damage ay tumutukoy sa naging pinsala sa iyong ari-arian dahil sa ginawa ng ibang tao Injury: refers to the wrongful, unlawful or tortious act which causes loss or harm to another. It is the legal wrong to be redressed. ● Focused sa karapatan mong na-violate DAMNUM ABSQUE INJURIA ● Damage without injury ● Normal scenario: nasira yung property mo, na-violate karapatan mo ○ Example: sinunog yung kotse mo: na-damage yung kotse mo kasi sinunog, na-injure kasi na-violate yung karapatan mo bilang may-ari ● But hindi sa lahat ng pagkakataon, sa damage may injury ● Example: ikaw ay isang squatter, kapag pinapaalis na kayo ng may-ari dahil gagamitin na niya yung lupa and hindi kayo sumunod, magpapadala sila ng demolition team. Pag inararo yung barong-barong niyo, may damage pero legally wala kang karapatan masaktan, walang injury dahil una pa lang alam mo nang ganon yung mangayayari dahil hindi naman talaga sa inyo yung lupa. Kinds of damages: 1. Actual/Compensatory Damages ● These refer to the pecuniary loss that was actually incurred by the plaintiff. It includes the actual value of the loss suffered and profits not realized. ● Example: ikaw ay nakaaksidente ng dumadaan, pag siya ay naospital, yung gastos niya sa ospital ay actual damages. ● Sa Actual/ Compensatory Damages, bago siya makahingi ng danyos need niya ng proof of actual damages or resibo ng gastos 3. 4. 5. Moral Damages ● They include physical suffering, mental anguish, fright, serious anxiety, besmirched reputation, wounded feelings, moral shock and social humiliation ● Example: mga pinagsamantalahan, may karapatan silang humingi ng moral damages ● As an accountancy student kahit naramdaman mo na yan, hindi mo pwedeng kasuhan ang school mo dahil sa damnum absque injuria, damage without injury, hindi na-violate yung karapatan mo dahil expected mo na dapat yon na mahihirapan ka sa accountancy and dahil wala namang namilit sayo hindi ka entitled sa moral damages. Nominal Damages ● Damages awarded to a party whose right has been violated ● Hindi ganon kalaki yung damages to the point na hindi kailangan malaman yung actual damages ● Example: nagkabanggan kayo and maliit lang naman gasgas, inaareglo na lang nila, tinatansya na lang and nag aagree sa amount. Such as 2k na lang yung ibabayad sa gasgas, yon yung nominal damages, hindi na kailangan ng resibo Temperate or Moderate Damages ● They are more than nominal but less than actual damages. The court may award temperate damages if the court finds some pecuniary loss has been suffered but its amount cannot, from the nature of the case, be proved with certainty. Liquidated Damages ● Damages agreed upon by the parties to a contract, to be paid in case of breach. ● Sa simula pa lang ng contract, pinag-uusapan na nila na kung may hindi sumunod sa contract, magbabayad ng damages ● Hindi na kailangan i-prove na yung effect or abala sayo ay nagkakahalaga ng *200,000 kasi sa simula pa lang, napag-usapan niyo na kapag may hindi 6. sumunod or gumawa ng obligasyon niya ganong amount ang babayaran niya Exemplary or Corrective Damages ● These are imposed by way of example or correction for public good, in addition to the moral, temperate, liquidated or compensatory damages. ● Example: gumagawa ng mga karumal dumal na krimen tulad ng massacre bukod sa pagbabayad ng moral damages at compensatory damages, nagdadagdag din ang korte ng exemplary damages upang magsilbing warning ito sa publiko na huwag tularan o pamarisan Fraud - Is the deliberate or intentional evasion by the debtor of the normal compliance of his obligation. ● Article 1170 - refers to the fraud committed by the debtor at the time of the performance of the obligation. ● Article 1338 - 1334 - refers to fraud employed in obtaining consent. Kinds of Fraud: A. Fraud in obtaining consent: - niloko ka para makuha yung consent mo. 1. Causal Fraud or Dolo Causante Fraud of a serious kind, without which, consent would not have been given. It renders the contract voidable for it is a defect in one of the essential elements of a contract, “consent”. Fraud ang naging dahilan para makuha mo consent niya Example: gusto mo maglasing, pagpunta mo sa tindahan ubos na yung alak nila pero sa kagustuhan niyang makabenta ang inabot niya sayo ay suka Ito ay panloloko at para makuha yung consent mo (agree na bumili), pinaniwala ka niyang alak yung binebenta niya. Kung sa simula pa lang sinabi niya nang hindi ito alak, suka ito, kung hindi ka niya niloko, hindi niya makukuha consent mo, wala rin siyang benta. 2. Incidental Fraud or Dolo Incidente This refers to fraud without which consent would have still been given but the person giving such consent would have agreed on different terms. It would not render the contract void but the party committing the fraud shall be liable for damages. Ito yung klase ng pangloloko na kahit niloko mo siya, may consent pa rin pero different terms yung maibibigay niya Example: “Ate pabili ng alak” pag tingin ng tindera sa shelf may alak naman talaga. Pero nung tinanong mo kung magkano, sabi niya “sir 10,000 yung isang bote ng alak” so nagtaka ka bakit ang mahal, sagot niya naman “kasi po 20 years old na yung alak.” Dahil inom na inom ka na, pumayag ka naman pero in reality 2 month old pa lang yung alak. May panloloko, pero kahit may panloloko makukuha pa rin sana ang consent mo. Sinabi mong ate pabili ng alak, kung sinabi nung tindera yung totoo, matutuloy pa rin yung transaction, bibili ka pa rin ng alak pero hindi sa halagang 10,000. B. Fraud in the performance of the obligation This is the deliberate act of evading fulfillment of an obligation in a normal manner. The party committing fraud shall be liable for damages After makuha yung consent mo, nung i-perform na yung obligation doon nagloko Example: “Ate pabili ng alak.” This time totoong alak na yung binigay sayo and siningil ka ng tama. Walang fraud sa pagkuha ng consent mo para pumayag ka sa contract of sale. Bago umuwi, naki-cr ka and tumikim si ateng tindera sa alak. So nabawasan, para hindi ka magalit dahil nabawasan, tinubigan niya. Ang pagbebenta ng isang alak na natubigan niya ay isang panloloko. Pag napatunayan ng buyer na tinubigan ng seller, the seller should be liable for damages. Rules in waiver of Fraud: ● Past Fraud or fraud committed in the past can be waived. Such an act is considered as liberality on the part of the creditor. ○ Naganap na yung panloloko, pwede mo patawarin or i-waive yung kaso ● Future Fraud or fraud still to be committed cannot be waived even if there is an agreement to that effect. Such stipulation is void for being contrary to public policy. Example: Nanloko yung jowa mo last week (past fraud) so pag humingi ng tawad pwede mo pa patawarin “Tutal pinatawad mo na ako sa ginawa kong panloloko, baka pwedeng patawarin mo na ulit ako kasi gagawin ko ulit.” Hindi mo pwedeng hingan ng waiver yung gagawin mong future fraud. Delikadong i-allow ng batas na pwedeng i-wave ang future fraud dahil magiging prone to abuse. Negligence Is the omission of that diligence which is required by the nature of the obligation and corresponds with the circumstance of the person, of the time, and of the place. It is the failure to observe the required degree of care, precaution and vigilance that the circumstances justly demand. Depende sa tao, oras o lugar Examples: Circumstance of the person: pagtulog (normal thing to do), pagpapabaya ang pagtulog kung ikaw ay isang security guard habang nakaduty Circumstance of the time: okay lang kung nasira ang mga ilaw ng jeep mo habang namamasada ka ng umaga ngunit pumapasada ka pa rin ng gabi at sira pa rin ang headlights mo, negligence na yon Circumstance of the place: ang pagpapatakbo ng 80-100 kph ay normal lang kung nasa TPLEX, pero considered as negligence kung nagpatakbo ka nang ganon kabilis sa labas ng isang eskwelahan o simbahan - Diligence to be observed If the law or contract does not state the diligence which is to be observed in the performance of that obligation, the debtor must observe the diligence of a good father of a family, as required by the nature of the obligation and which corresponds with the circumstances of the person, of the time or of the place. Kinds of Negligence: Contractual: negligence in the ● Culpa performance of a contract. It supposes a pre-existing contractual relationship between the parties. This is negligence in the performance of the obligation arising from a contract resulting in damages. ○ Violation of contract of carriage, pag naaksidente kayo habang nakasakay ka sa jeep ● Culpa Aquiliana: (civil negligence, or tort or quasi-delict or culpa extra contractual): this is quasi-delict where the negligence itself is the independent source of the obligation. ○ May nasagasaan na dumaraan, therefor an obligation arises to pay the damages ● Culpa Criminal (Criminal Negligence): his is negligence that results in commission of a crime. ○ Naging pabaya ka dahil may masama kang intensyon, nanunog or nanira ng gamit ng iba Kahit isa lang yung event or aksidente pwedeng magresult sa dalawang kind ng negligence, depende sa kung sino ang nabiktima. Halimbawa, taxi driver ka tapos may nasagasaan kang dumaraan yung obligation mo to pay for the damages arises sa negligence mo (culpa aquiliana dahil wala naman kayong pre-existing contract) tapos nasugatan pa yung mga pasahero mo, dahil may contract na kayo which is contract of carriage and naviolate mo yon babayaran mo siya ng damages (culpa contractual). Delay or Default or Mora ● Delay is the non-fulfillment of an obligation with respect to time or delay in the fulfillment of an obligation, contrary to what was agreed upon. ● Kinds: ○ Mora Solvendi - delay on the part of the debtor - ● ● Example: usapan niyo is magbabayad ng December 31, pero lumagpas na hindi pa rin nagbabayad yung debtor ○ Mora Accipiendi - delay on the part of the creditor. It exists when the creditor unjustly refuses to accept the thing. Example: ayaw pa tumanggap ng creditor ng bayad dahil gusto pa nila tumakbo yung interest (kahit bawal din ito). Pag due date na at gusto na magbayad ng debtor, required mong tanggapin. ○ Compensatio Morae - delay in reciprocal obligations, both parties are in default. It is as if there is no delay. Example: si buyer hindi pa nakapagbayad and si seller hindi pa maibibigay yung product When is there a delay? (Legal delay) ○ As a rule, the debtor incurs delay from the time the creditor demands fulfillment of the obligation (either juridically or extra-juridically) and the debtor fails to comply with such demand. Hence, no demand, no delay. Due date is December 31 and January 1 na naghihintay ka lang hindi pa siya nagbabayad, that person is on ordinary delay Legal delay: liable ka na for damages and interest. If January 5 na, tinext mo sya and hindi pa rin siya nagbayad, that person is on legal delay. Pag mag-compute for damages and interest, mag-start sa January 5 kung kelan ka nag-demand na bayaran ka na niya. Exceptions to the no demand, no delay rule: ○ When the law or the obligation so provides When there is an express provision of the law or stipulation by the parties ● that there is no need for a demand for the performance of the obligation Example 1: In paying taxes, the due date is April 15. Hindi ka na kailangan pang paalalahanan ng gobyerno na magbayad ng buwis mo. In April 16, mag-start na agad yung computation mo for damages and interest. Example 2: On December 31, bayaran mo yung utang mo na 2,000, without need of demand. Ibig sabihin pag January 1 na, hindi ka na kailangan pang paalalahanan, automatic magiging liable ka na for damages and interest. ○ When the time is of the essence of the contract When the designation of the time for the performance of the obligation is the controlling motive for the establishment of the obligation. Example: Nagpagawa ka ng gown for your debut at August 21. Then, at August 21 na wala pa rin yung gown. Hindi mo na kailangan mag-demand sa tailoring shop kasi alam naman nilang Aug. 21 yung debut mo and dapat na-deliver na nila yon. ○ When demand would be useless as when the obligor has rendered it beyond his power to perform. In reciprocal obligations, from the moment one of the parties fulfills his obligation, delay by the other begins notwithstanding the absence of a demand. Example: yung seller na bibilhan mo ng specific na aso, binenta na pala yung aso sa iba. So wala nang sense na mag-demand ka pa don sa seller kasi hindi niya na kayang i-perform yung obligation niya, magstart na agad yung delay niya. Effects of Delay: ○ On the part of the debtor: The debtor shall be liable for the payment of damages. If the obligation consists in the delivery of a determinate thing, he shall be liable even ○ if the thing is lost due to a fortuitous event. Example: On September 1, tinawag mo yung seller na dapat madeliver na yung aso sayo. But on September 3, tinamaan ng kidlat ang aso (kahit fortuitous event), liable na yung seller dahil in legal delay na sya. On the part of the creditor: He shall bear the risk of loss and shall shoulder the expenses for the preservation of the thing. The debtor may resort to the consignation of the thing due. Example: Usapan natin na Sept. 1, idedeliver ko yung aso sayo, pero ikaw yung humihindi, pag may nangyaring masama sa aso, ikaw yung mawawalan and ikaw yung liable sa expenses habang inaalagaan ko yung aso dahil ayaw mo pang tanggapin. Fortuitous Events Article 1174. Except in cases expressly specified by law, or which it is otherwise declared by stipulation, or when the nature of the obligation requires the assumption of risk, no person shall be responsible for those events which could not be foreseen (ex. lindol), or which, though foreseen, were inevitable (ex. bagyo). These are events that could not be foreseen or which, though foreseen are inevitable. It is not enough that the event should not be foreseen or anticipated, but it must be one impossible to foresee or avoid. Requisites of fortuitous event to be accepted as a justification for the non-performance of an obligation to deliver a determinate thing: ● The cause must be independent of the debtor’s will ● ● ● There must be impossibility of foreseeing the event or if it can be foreseen, it must be impossible to avoid The occurrence must be of such magnitude as to render it impossible for the debtor to perform his obligation. The debtor must be free from participation in the non-performance, damage or loss of the property brought about by the fortuitous event. Example: Ikaw yung seller at natamaan yung specific na aso na iddeliver mo ng kidlat, pag lahat ito present, hindi na liable yung seller/ debtor, wala na siyang obligation sa buyer dahil yung obligation niya na-extinguish na because of the fortuitous event. General Rule: If the foregoing requisites are present in a case, then the debtor shall not be liable for non-performance of the obligation due to a fortuitous event. His obligation is extinguished. Exception: ● When the debtor is in delay ● When the debtor promised the same thing to two or more persons who don't have the same interest ● When the parties stipulate or agree that the debtor will not be exempted from liability even if non-performance of the obligation is due to a fortuitous event ● When the nature of the obligation requires the assumption of risk (ex. Insurance company) ● When the thing to be delivered is generic Article 1175. Usurious transactions shall be governed by special laws ● Usury is contracting for or receiving interest in excess of the amount allowed by law for the loan or use of money, goods, chattels or credits. ● Usury is now legally non-existent. Parties are now free to stipulate any amount of interest. This is due to Central Bank Circular No. 905 that took effect on January 1, 1983. ● It does not, however, give absolute right to the creditor to charge the debtor interest that is “iniquitous or unconscionable.” (wala nang limit sa interest ngayon pero wag naman yung masyadong abusado) Presumptions on receipts of principal and installment payments (Article 1176) ● The receipt of the principal without reservation as to interest, shall give rise to the presumption that the interest has been paid Example: Pinautang kita 1,000 ang usapan natin after one year ay 100 so ang total na utang mo sakin is 1,100. Nung bayaran na 1,000 lang yung inaabot mo. Ang tamang pag resibo ay yung 100 ay bayad don sa interest at yung 900 ay bayad sa principal. Hindi mo pwedeng resibo na yung 1,000 lang (yung principal lang) dahil may nag-aarise na isang presumption: na dahil ini-indicate mo na ang payment, yung 1,000 ay para sa buong payment ng principal, iniimply mo na bayad na yung interest, which in reality hindi pa bayad interest. Logic states na una mo dapat bayaran yung interest bago yung principal. Kung magresibo ka ng 1,000 na for principal lang, ilagay mong “Received 1,000 for the payment of principal but the interest is not yet paid.” , para hindi mag-arise yung presumption ● The receipt of a later installment without reservation as to prior installments, shall give rise to the presumption that prior installments have been paid. Example: I have a boarding house, per room is 5,000 per month. Yung isang nagdorm, tatlong buwan na hindi nakapagbayad, January-March. Then nung nakasalubong mo siya, nagbayad siya ng 5,000. Under the law, ang pinaka tamang buwan para sa resibo ng 5,000 ay para sa buwan ng January. Kasi kung ang nilagay mo na ang bayad niya ay para sa February or March, it gives rise to the presumption: na dahil nagreresibo ka na para sa March, bayad na siya ng January at February. Kung gagawin mong for March yung bayad sa resibo idagdag mo na January and February has not yet been paid. Para hindi mag give rise sa assumption na bayad na yung ibang buwan. The foregoing are mere disputable presumptions (not conclusive) and the creditor may rebut such with clear and convincing evidence to the contrary. Different remedies of the creditor to enforce payment of his claims against the debtor (Art. 1177): a. Specific performance - Exact fulfillment of the obligation by specific or substitute performance with a right to damages in either case If may utang sayo yung isang tao, pwede ka mag-file ng collection case at yung judge ang mag-uutos sa debtor na magbayad ng utang niya sayo b. Attachment - Pursue he property in the possession of the debtor, except those exempt by law - Hihilain ng korte ang mga ari-arian ng debtor, ibebenta para ikaw ay mabayaran - Properties exempt by law: Family home unless ito yung nakasangla, gamit sa paghahanapbuhay, clothing and kailangan mag-iwan ng provision for at least 3 months. c. Accion Subrogatoria - To be subrogated to all the rights and actions of the debtor save those which are inherent in his person Si A may utang sayo, si B naman may utang kay A. Pwedeng utusan na lang ng korte si B na direktang magbayad sayo, this process is called process of garnishment d. Accion Pauliana - Asking he court to rescind or to impugn all the acts which the debtor may done to defraud the creditors Minsan may loko-lokong debtors na, pinapasok sa sa deed of sale yung properties nila para hindi mo ma-attach or mahila. Pwede mo i-request sa korte na i-impugn or i-cancel yung mga kontrata na pinasok nung loko-lokong debtors sa ibang tao, para bumalik yung ownership sa debtor at pwede mo na ma-attach. Before using the remedy of accion pauliana, you need to exhaust the three remedies first, making it your last resort, because in accion pauliana, there is a third party affected. Relativity of Contracts A contract can only bind the parties who have entered into it or their successors who have assumed their personality or their juridical position and that, as a consequence, such contract can neither favor nor prejudice a third person. Ang pwede lang maapektuhan ng isang kontrata ay kung sino lang mismo ang pumasok doon at yung successors nila. Ang hahabulin lang nung kontrata ay kung sino ang nakapirma. - Hindi mo pwedeng manahin ang utang ng ibang tao. Under the relativity of contracts, hindi mo dapat utang yon. Lumalabas lang na utang ang minana mo dahil konti na lang ang matitira sa assets niya pagkabayad sa mga utang ng lolo mo. Bago makuha ng successors ang mana sa assets ng lolo nila, kailangan bayaran muna yung utang ng lolo noong buhay pa siya. Lahat ng hindi mababayaran na liabilities ng lolo niya, kailangan i-write off na ito ng creditors. Hindi ka dapat habulin o hindi dapat maapektuhan yung personal assets mo para pambayad sa utang ng lolo mo. - Yung ibang tao na binabayaran yung utang ng kamag-anak nila, it is not a civil obligation but more of a moral obligation. Exceptions are intransmissible rights and obligations: ● By their nature as when the special or personal qualification of the obligor constitutes one of the principal motives for the establishment of the contract ● By stipulation of the parties, as when the contract expressly provides that the obligor shall perform an act by himself and not through another ● By provision of law, as in the case of those arising from a contract of partnership or of agency ○ A, B and C ay partners sa isang partnership. Namatay si A, hindi pwedeng successor yung anak niya. Hindi transmissible ang karapatan maging miyembro sa isang partnership dahil ang isang partnership ay dapat may mutual trust at confidence.
