HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
ON A GLOBAL CONTEXT
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Commonly known as “clinical laboratory
science” or “medical laboratory
science”.
The collection, receipt, preparation,
investigation and laboratory analysis of
samples of human biological material.
(urine, feces, blood, sputum,
cerebrospinal fluid or csf, peritoneal
fluid.)
Deals with the diagnostic or therapeutic
application of science and technology.
Study and practice of diagnostic
laboratory medicine.
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400 BC
Hippocrates
Greek physician and “Founder of
Science Medicine.”
formulated “Hippocratic Oath”, the
code of ethics for practicing physician.
Advocated the tasting of urine, listening
to the lungs, and observing outward
appearances in the diagnosis of
disease.
Bubbles, blood, and pus in urine.
o Indicate kidney disease or
chronic illnesses.
Galen
a Greek physician and philosopher,
instigated a rudimentary and qualitative
assessment of disorder through
measurement of body fluids in relation
to seasons.
Four Humors / Body Fluids:
o blood,
o phlegm,
o yellow bile,
o black bile.
✓ Urine was regarded as a composite of
these humors.
✓ Diabetes: “diarrhea of urine”
✓ Established the relationship between
fluid intake and urine volume.
✓ Urinalysis - study of urine,
- considered as oldest
laboratory procedure today.
- one ways to test is to taste
the urine. If it is sweet, then it
is possible for diabetes.
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MEDIEVAL EUROPE
✓
Water Casting (Uroscopy)
o the historical medical practice
of visually examining a
patient's urine for pus, blood,
or other symptoms of disease.
o Patients submitted their
specimen in decorative flasks.
o Physicians who fail to examine
urine were subjected to public
beatings.
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600 BC
Physicians recorded the sweet taste of diabetic
urine wherein it can attract ants.
✓
900 AD
The first book detailing the characteristics of
urine was written (e.g., color, density, quality).
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1500 BC
Vivian Herrick
Medical technologist.
traces the beginning of medical
technology when intestinal parasites
such as Taenia and Ascaris (acquired
through ingesting) were first identified.
(parasites).
▪
Taenia saginatafound in raw beef.
▪
Taenia solium- found
in raw pork.
Ebers Papyrus
Oldest preserved Egyptian compilation
of medical texts.
Contains description of the three stages
of hookworm infection. (hookworm is
acquired through penetration).
Three Stages of Hookworm Infection:
1. Egg Form: The female hookworm
stores eggs in the small intestine of
the host. The eggs contain 2 to 8
segmented embryos that are
passed out into soil via human
stool. It takes about 24 to 48 hours
to transform into a larva and enter
the next stage.
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HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
2.
3.
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Larvae Form: under favourable
conditions the larvae hatches in 1
or 2 days called “Rhabditiform
larva”. The larvae grow in feces or
in the soil. During this time, the
larvae is not infective, but takes
around two molts to become
infective. The time period for two
molting takes around 5 to 10 days,
after which the larvae are infective.
The larvae upon human contact
(now called “Filariform larva”)
penetrate through human feet,
migrate through blood vessels to
the heart and then to the lungs.
Here, they penetrate through
pulmonary alveoli, climb the
bronchial tree to pharynx, and are
then swallowed where it reaches
the intestine.
Adult Form: Jejunum is the part of
the small intestine that is
responsible for absorbing all the
nutrients, fatty acids and amino
acids. The larvae migrate to the
jejunum part of the small intestine,
where the larvae sexually mature
and transform into adult
hookworms. Adult hookworms
reside in the lumen of the small
intestine, where they attach to the
walls causing blood loss in the
host. Life expectancy of an adult
hookworm is 1 to 2 years.
MEDIEVAL PERIOD (1098-1438)
Ruth Williams
Believed that medical technology
began from the medieval period.
Was the first to introduce medical
technology.
Anna Fagelson
confirmed the beginnings of medical
technology when she correlated the
cause of death of Alexander Gillani
(who is employed by an Italian doctor)
to laboratory-acquired infection.
John Hutchinson’s --- Spirometer
measuring vital capacity of the lungs.
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Jules Herisson’s --- Sphygmamonameter
measuring blood pressure.
The use of chemistry was pivotal in the
diagnosis of diabetes, anemia, diphtheria, and
syphilis during this period.
Mechanical and chemical devices spurred the
turn from general practice to specialization. More
complex machinery and equipment were now
used.
1969, 80% of medical professionals were nonphysicians.
BREAKTHROUGHS IN MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY
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Electrocardiograph (1903)
o William Einthoven, measure
electrical changes during the
beating of the heart.
Kenny method (1910)
o Served as the pioneering work
for modern physical therapy.
Devised by Elizabeth Kenny
in the treatment of polio (then
called “infantile paralysis”)
using hot packs and muscle
manipulation; promted the
invention of a new stretcher
(Sylvia stretcher in 1927).
Drinker respirator (1927)
o Philip Drinker, help patients
with paralytic anterior
poliomyelitis recover normal
respiration with the assistance
of artificial respirator.
Heart-lung machine (1939)
o Hermann von Helmholtz, first
visual technology.
Microscope (1840)
o Anton Van Leeuwenhoek,
first practical microscope
Cardiac catheterization and
Angiography (1941)
o Forsmann (1929) he was the
first to operate it.
o Developed by Moniz, Reboul,
Rousthoi between 1930 and
1940.
o Made seeing the heart, lung
vessels, and valves possible
through inserting a cannula in
an arm vein and intro the heart
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HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
✓
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with an injection of radiopaque
dye for X-ray visualization. .
Ophthalmoscope (1850)
o Hermann von Helmholtz, first
visual technology invented.
Laryngoscope (1855)
o Manuel Garcia, using two
mirrors to observe the throat
and larynx.
X-ray (1859)
o Wilhelm Roentgen,
discovered by accident.
Radiation could penetrate
solid objects in low density.
Stethoscope (1860)
o Rene Laennec, used to
acquire information about the
lungs and heartbeat.
HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN
THE UNITED STATES
17th CENTURY
Dr. Simon Flexner
First pathologist of John Hopkins
Hospital.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
First scientist to observe and describe
the appearance of red blood cells and
to differentiate bacteria based on their
shape using compound microscope.
Marcello Malpighi
Greatest of the early microscopist.
Contributed in embryology and
anatomy made him known as the
“Founder of Pathology”.
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19TH CENTURY
Louis Pasteur
Discovered the concept of anaerobic
(does not need oxygen to survive) and
aerobic (needs oxygen) bacterias.
Facultative bacteria: can still thrive
with or without oxygen, or with a little
oxygen.
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Dr. William H. Welch
1885, the first professor of Pathology at
John Hopkins University.
Father of American Pathology.
1896, the first clinical laboratory was
opened at the John Hopkins Hospital
by Dr. William Osler.
1896, William Pepper Laboratory, a
clinical laboratory was also opened at
the University of Pennsylvania.
Dr. James C. Todd
He wrote the “A Manual of Clinical
Diagnosis”.
He retitled the “Clinical Diagnosis by
Laboratory Methods” in the 19th
edition.
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1900
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18TH CENTURY
Rudolf Virchow
“Father of Microscopic Pathology”
was the first who emphasized the study
of diseases and infections, which are
visible at the cellular level by means of
microscope.
Use microscope to diagnose.
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Dr. Silas Douglas
Started the first laboratory instruction.
University of Michigan, first chemical
laboratory in the United States (1844).
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1915
-
1918
Census were used to pick the
100 technicians, all male were
employed in the United States.
The state legislature of
Pennsylvania enacted a law
requiring all hospitals and
institutions to have an
adequate laboratory and to
employ a full-time laboratory
technician
•
John Kolmer
Published “The
Demand for and
Training of
Laboratory
technicians” that
included a
description of the first
formal training course
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HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
in Medical
Technology.
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1920
1922
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Increased to 3,500.
3,035 hospitals had clinical
laboratories.
American Society for
Clinical Pathology (ASCP)
was founded.
Encourage
cooperation between
physicians and
clinical pathologist.
Established the code
of ethics for
technicians and
technologists. Stating
that these allied
health professionals
should work under
the supervision of a
physician and refrain
from making oral or
written diagnosis and
advising physicians
on how patients
should be treated.
WORLD WAR 1
important factor in the growth
of the clinical laboratory and
produced a great demand for
technicians.
•
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4 to 5 Divisions of
clinical laboratories in
1918:
a. Clinical
Pathology
b. Bacteriology
c. Microbiology
d. Serology
e. Radiology
Laboratory Technicians”
(1922)
University of Minnesota
Where one of the first schools
for training workers was
established.
A course bulletin was entitled
“Courses in Medical
Technology for Clinical and
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1921
1923
-
“Denver Society of Clinical
Pathologist” was organized.
University of Minnesota was
the first to offer level program.
WORLD WAR 2
The use of blood increased and the
“close system” of blood collection
was widely adopted. Since “open
system” of blood transfusion was not
safe.
Soldiers had their buddy/partner with
same blood types.
Laboratory medicine certainly moved
into an era of sophistication.
DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
IN THE PHILIPPINES
Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila
after World War II, the first clinical
laboratory in PH was built by the 26th
Infantry Division of the 6th US Army.
where the Manila Public Health
Laboratory is presently located.
They started training high school
graduates to work as laboratory
technicians for a year.
Later on, laboratory facilities were not
utilized and it was no longer used
because science was not popular
during those days.
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JUNE 1945
Staff of the 6th US Army left
the place leaving the
laboratory to the National
Department of Health
•
Dr. Alfredo Pio De Roda
Filipino doctor and
well known
Bacteriologist.
Preserved the
remains of the
laboratory together
with the help of
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HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Dr. Mariano
Icasiano.
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Dr. Mariano Icasiano
First City Health
Officer of Manila.
•
October 1, 1945
The preserved laboratory was
formally established by Dr.
Alfredo Pio De Roda with the
help of Dr. Prudencio Sta.
Ana
They offered a free training for
all with no specific duration of
training and certificates.
•
1947
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1954
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•
Public Health Laboratory,
Manila Health Department
(PHL-MHD) started training
laboratory technicians.
Dr. Alfredo Pio De Roda
instructed Dr. Prudencio Sta.
Ana to prepare a syllabus for
training medical technicians
together with Dr. Tirso
Briones, they conducted a six
months training course with
certificate.
The three prepared the course
curriculum and established the first
complete laboratory in:
o Microbiology
o Parasitology
o Histopathology
A five-year course leading to a
bachelor of science degree in
Medical Technology was approved
by the Bureau of Education.
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MARCH 1956
Philippine Union College had
its first graduate, Mr. Jesse
Umali who later on pursued a
medical degree and graduated
at Far Eastern University
(FEU)
Mr. Avelino Oliva and Ms.
Adoracion Yutuc graduated in
summer.
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1957
-
Manila Sanitarium Hospital &
Philippine Union College
First to offer a course
for Medical
Technology.
✓
Mrs. Willia Hedrick
- founder of medical
education in the
Philippines with the help
of Antoinette McKelvey.
✓
Dr. Reuben Manalaysay
- President of the
Philippine Union College
✓
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director of Bureau of
Education in the
Philippines.
Rev. Meritt Warren
- President of the North
Philippines Mission of the
7th Day Adventist and
University of Santo Tomas
(UST) offered an elective
course in Pharmacy leading to
a Bachelor of Science in
Medical Technology course
under Dr. Antonio Gabriel
and Dr. Gustavo Reyes.
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June 1960 –1961
Bureau of Education officially
approved the 3 year medical
techonology course and the
following year, the 4th year
internship program.
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1960
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Centro Escolar University
(CEU), through the initiative of
President Carmen De Luna
and university registar
Generosa De Leon delegated
Dean Purificacion Sunicovee.
HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
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Suaco to work offering the
degree B.S. Medical
Technology.
first batch of graduates in
1962.
1961
•
Far Eastern University (FEU)
started its School of Medical
Technology through the combined
efforts of Dr. Horacio Ylagan and
Dr. Serafin Juliana with the
authority granted to them by Dr.
Lauro Panganiban and Dr. Jesus
Nelasco, Dean of the Institute of
Medicine.
o Dr. Horacio Ylagan
became the technical
director of Far
Eastern University
and had its first
graduates in 1963.
•
University of the Philippines
(UP) started offering B.S. in
Hygiene (B.S. in Public Health) .
The offering of the Bachelor's
degree in Medical Technology
was followed by several
colleges and universities all
over the country.
HISTORICAL MILESTONES IN MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY
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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1660)
“Father of Microbiology”
Known for his work on the
improvement of the
compound microscope.
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Edward Jenner (1796)
Discovered vaccination to
establish immunity to small
pox.
impact of contribution is
Immunology.
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Marie Francois Xavier Bichat (1880)
Identified organs by the types
of tissues.
Agostino Bassi (1835)
Produced disease worms by
injection of organic material.
Impact of contribution:
Beginning of Bacteriology.
Louis Pastuer (1857)
Successfully produced
immunity to rabies.
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Gregor Mendel (1866)
Law of inherited
characteristics from studies on
plants.
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Joseph Lister (1870)
Demonstrated that surgical
infections are caused by
airborne organisms.
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Robert Koch (1877)
Presented the first pictures of
bacilli (anthrax) and tubercle
bacilli.
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Ellie Metchnokoff (1886)
Described phagocytes in
blood and their role in fighting
infection.
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Ernst Von Bergmann (1886)
Introduced steam sterilization
in surgery.
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Karl Landsteiner (1902)
Introduced steam sterilization
in surgery.
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August von Wassermann (1906)
Developed immunologic tests
for syphilis.
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Howard Ricketts (1906)
Discovered microorganisms
whose range lies between
bacteria and virus called
“ricketsiae”.
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Hans Fischer (1929)
Worked out the structure of
hemoglobin.
Inventions and Innovations in the Field of
Medical Laboratory
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Contribution: Histology
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HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
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Jonas Salk (1954)
Developed poliomyelitis
vaccine.
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James Westgard (1973)
Introduced the Westgard
Rules for Quality Control in the
Clinical Laboratory
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Baruch Samuel Blumberg (1980)
Introduced the Hepatitis B
vaccine.
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Kary Mullis (1985)
Developed the Polymerase
Chain Reaction (PCR).
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Andre van Steirteghem (1992)
Introduced the
intracytoplasmic sperm
injection (IVF).
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James Thomson (1998)
Derived the first human “stem
cell” line.
FUTURE TRENDS
Latest technologies include robotic devices,
keyhole surgery procedures and genetic
engineering created from knowledge about DNA
molecules.
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