Skeletal
The skeletal
system provides
shape the main functions
1
framework for
a
our
body
are
Support
2
Protection
3 Movement
4
Mineral Storage
g g
y
Babies have more bones than adults
At birth
have 300 bones
you
Babies are
Adults have
Bone
born with
206
more
cartilage
se
grout
or
compac
bones
structure
A typical bone has
an
outer
layer of hard
bone which is very strong and dense
Inside is a layer of spongy bone which is lighter
flexible
There
are
are constantly
a
jelly
like
bone
marrow
where
being produced for the blood
Vertebral Column
new
cells
The spin consists of 33 irregularly shaped bones
t
5 sections
are
C't vertebrae
Cervical
Thoracic
C 127
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx
24
S
fused vertebrae
fused vertebrae
is
Anatomic movements
1
Flexion A bending
movement
decrease
that results in the
of the angle in a joint by bringing
e
forearm
closer
g
your
flexing
together
bones
that Increases the
A physical position
the limb at a joint
between the bones
angle
2
e
3
x tension
g throwing
a
shot put
moved away from your body's
Jumping Jacks
Abduction limbs
midline
e
g
are
4
Adduction Refers
midline
5
circular
Movement
e
manner
serve
limbs closer to the
moving
breastroke
e.g swimming
circumduction
his
to
of
cricket
g
body region in
bowl or overarm tea
a
6
Rotation Movements made about the longitudinal
axis and in the transverse plane
e.g playing topspin forehand in tennis
7
Supination Rotation of the forearm and hand
faces toward or upward
e
g
turning your
that the pal
hand over to receive
so
money
8
pronation
rotation of the hand
forearm so that the P
faces backwards or downwards
e
g
bouncing
9 1 Dorsi
a
basketball
flexion the
action
of raising the
upwards towards the shin e.g Dance Routine
foot
10
a
e
plantar flexion The movement of the foot
downward motion away from the body
g
kicking
a
in
ball
soccer
Bone Classification
Long femur humerus
short carpals tarsals
Flat
Cranium
Sternum
Irregular mandible vertebrae
sesamoid
bone
patella
Connective tissue
Ligaments
connect
bone
to
bone to
create
a
o int
Joints where 2 bones meet
Tendons Are connective tissues that
o
bone to provide stability to
connect
the joint
muscle
Some Synovial Joints
type
i
i
tinge
Flexion
Muscular
Functions
System
Extension
Movement
Posture
r
Maitains bodily processes such
as
breath
supports the circulatory
ng digestion
system
characteristics
Excitability
Muscles
are
stimulated
react
Contractibility Muscles shorten
Extensibility
Muscles lengthen
muscle size decrease if not used
Hypertrophy Muscles grow when trained
Atrophy
Types of muscle
Skeletal muscles
Smooth muscles
Cardiac
muscles
Type of contractions
Isotonic contractions involve
changing when
Concentric
Eccentric
the length of
applying force
is
muscle
u Muscle
is
shortening
lengthening
Blood flow through the heart
Right
atrium
avg.iq
night
ventricle
AT
left
tRMeft
ventricle
a
muscle
A Deoxygenated blood
of the body travels
from our upper extremitis
the heart via the
Then deoxygenated blood
to
Cava
superior Vena
from our lower extremites of the body travels
to the heart
Cava
vena
via
the inferior
The
atrium collects this deoxygenated
blood
right
via the superior
then pumps
the
it
tricuspid
will
ventricle
to
the
inferior
right
ventricle
valve The blood
be
vena
in
our
cava
via
right
pumped through the
Julmanary artery via the pulmonic value
This blood then will travel to the lungs
n
order to
diffusion
collect
Blood is
returned
oxygen
now
pulmonary
oxygenated
blood
the heart via the
sulmonary veins into the left atrium The
will be
atrium
the
blood
in
left
oxygenated
Jumped to the left ventricle via the bicuspid
to the
are From the LV the blood travels
aorta via the aortic valve to the rest of
our body This allows for oxygen rich blood to
be delivered to our brain muscles
and it is
to
g
other
cells
Structure
of the circulatory system
carry blood that
from the heart
Arteries
away
Capillaries
a
wastes
Veins Carry blood that is
the
occur
between
the blood
the body cell
to
rich in oxygen
blood vessels where the
Small
exchange of nutrients
back
is
low
in
heart
oxygen
Factors affecting HR
Everyone is different but some factors that
affect our resting heart rate are
Gender
Temperature
7
Everyday actions
Body position
Effects of Excersie
excersie there are factors that
Increased HR
Immediate l acute
When
are
we
OR
take occur
Hypertrophy
that
Effects
chronic
over
a
longer time
Acute effects
Acute
the
effects
take
place
at
the start of
activity
HR
Increased
Increased
Jumped beat
Increased
At rest
Can raise
to
stroke
volume
cardiac output
cardiac
20
output
352
amount
of
CHAXSV
is
around
SL
blood
chronic effects
Chronic effects
seriods
take
of training
Large
stronger
more efficient
Higher
resting
Lower Resting
place after long
heart
stroke
that becomes
volumn
HR
Stroke Volumn
Lv
The volume
of blood pumped
in each
heart beat
Blood
Transportation of gases fuels
Protection from dehydration
removal
of
waste
products
se minerals
out
of
the
Blood composition
55
of blood is plasma
plasma goto water 71 proteins
45
of blood are
3
otter
red blood cell
Blood
cells
ago of red blood cells
Il
white blood
cell
Respiratory system
The
respiratory system is central to our breathing the
the removal of carbon dioxide
supply of oxygen to the body
Respiratory
Tidal
during
rate Number
of breath taken within finis
Volumn Amount of air which entres exits the lungs
a
normal breath
Minute ventilation
Calculated by tidal volume X respiratory
rate
Air left in
maximal exhalation
Residual Volume
Vital Capacity
lungs following
The most air you
the deeper breath
can
a
exhale after
1
9
Total lung capacity Vital lung capacity t
esidual volumn and is the total amount of air the
ungs can hold
The exchange of gas
pulmonary Diffusion the gas exchange through
tin membrane i from high to low concentration
Jeoxygenated blood containing carbon dioxide
lining the
alveoli where Pulmonary
diffusion
occurs
from blood blood is then oxygenated Lastly
Alveoli High concentration
of
02
enters
coz
a
the capilaries
Co is removed
is Inhaled
therefore low concentration
of
02
in capillaries
Capillaries High concentration of Co2 therefore low concentration
n
of
CO2
alveoli
pulmonary Diffusion in
Exchange of Oz
detail
coz at the lungs
Coz in the capillaries wants to move from high concentration
n
the capillaries to
Oz
a
low concentration in the alveoli
in the alveoli
wants to move
from
a
high concentra
tion
In the alveoli to
02
oxygenated
skeletal
a
low concentration in the capillaries
coz is exchanged
coz
is exhaled
system
therefore
the blood becomes
circulatory system
Muscular
system
Respiratory
system
Fitness components
Aerobic power
your body's ability
to
deliver
oxygen
to working muscles
luring exercise
Fitness
test
Coopers 12 min run
Beep
test
Muscular Endurance
The ability of the muscle to
of
time withoutfatigue
Fitness test
work over an extended period
Go
see pushups test
Go see
sit ups
test
Muscular
strength
The Max amount of force
a
muscle can exert against
an
opposing
force
Fitness test
Grip strength
Flexibility
Your muscles sejoints ability to move through their
full range of motto
Fitness test
sit
reach test
Body composition
your body's ratio of
lean muscle to stored
fat
Fitness test
skin folds
BMI
Speed
How quickly
you
Fitness test
can
accelerate
from
a
stionary position
20m
sprint
power
The ability to combine both speed se force in
actions
movements
Fitness test
Standinglong Jump
Vertical
jump
Agility
The
ability to quickly change direction without loosing speed
or
power
fitness test
Illinois agility test
Balance
The ability to
static
a
stay upright
or
stay
in control
of body
movement
Dynamic
Fitness test
Stalk Stand
Coordination
Theability
to move two or
efficiently
Fitness test
Alternate hand toss
more
body parts under control smoothly
Reaction time
The
ability
to respond quickly to a stimulus
Fitness Test
Ruler drop a
catch
Training methods
Circuit training
Continuous training
Farther training
Interval training
Resistance
Cross
training
training
raining principles
fIT T
Frequency
2
Intensity
Time
3
4
Type
hi
is the process of
muscle contracting agonist while the other
one
man
the number of training sessions neede
improvements are acheived in the desired fitness
Frequency Refers
per week
to
ensure
to
components se energy system
Intensity Is the exertion level
or
how hard the training is bein
Jerformed
Methods of
per
measuring intensity Include
of Max heart
rateH MHA
Rating of preceived exertion RPE
of Hk
Reserve
Yo of V02 Max
Metabolic equivalents
Mets
Blood lactate levels
Time
Time duration can refer to
he length
the length of
of theoverall trainingprogram
a
workInterval within a training session or
the
y
is the typeof excerses activities training methods that
are included Into a trainingProgra
will also determine the Particularadaptations a performancegains acheived