ENGL 5 XA - PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
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THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS BY:
Maria Luisa Saministrado, PhD.
Communication is a two-way process which can be broken down into the following Steps
(Bovee and Thill, 5):
Bovee and Thill caution us about the complications of real-life communication:
Be aware that this is a simplified model; real-life communication is usually more complicated.
For instance, both the sender and receiver might be talking at the same time, or the receiver
might be trying to talk on the phone with one person while instant messaging with another. (5)
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Summary of the Communication Process:
Step 1. Sender has an idea to share.
Step 2. Sender encodes the idea in a form that will carry it to the receiver.
Step 3. Sender transmits the message.
Step 4. Receiver gets the message.
Step 5. Receiver decodes the message.
Step 6. Receiver sends feedback.
ENGL 5 XA - PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
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The
Communication
(Supplementary video 1)
Process
OBJECTIVES:
●
●
●
The basic issues in interpersonal
communication
Methods of communicating and
How technology and the Internet
have
influenced
organizational
communications
Communication is the process of
transmitting information from one person to
another to create a shared understanding
and feeling.
NOTE: The word communication actually
comes
from
the
latin
word,
COMMUNICARE, meaning to share or
make common.
Communication does not mean agreeing, it
only means that information is transmitted
and received as it was intended.
In other words, the communication
process is when the sender translates
(encodes) information into words, symbols,
or pictures and passes it to the receiver
through some medium or channel.
➔ SENDER: encoding occurs when
the message sender converts a
thought idea or fact into a message
composed of symbols, pictures, or
words.
➔ ENCODED: The message is the
encoded information being sent.
➔ CHANNEL: is the medium used to
send the message to the receiver
including voice, writing, graphs,
videos, intranets, internet, television,
and body language.
➔ DECODING/ DECODED:
★ Message receiver sees, reads, or
hears the message, it gets decoded.
★ Is the interpretation and translation
of the message back into something
understood by the receiver.
NOTE: The decoded information is
hopefully the same as the information
in the sender intended to communicate
but that's not always the case
➔ FEEDBACK:
★ creates two-way communication.
★ Is a check on the success of the
communication.
Figure 1. Communication Process
★ The message receiver sends a new
message back to the original sender
and the original sender assesses to
see if the receiver understood the
original message.
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➔ NOISE: Is anything that blocks,
distorts, or changes in any way the
message the sender intended to
communicate.
➔ RETRANSLATES:
★ The receiver then receives the
message, retranslates (decode) it
into another message that is
hopefully the same as what the
sender intended.
★ But noise can enter anywhere in the
process, making the message
received different from the one the
sender intended.
Barriers can come from the sender,
receiver, organization, or noise.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
➔ According to Mode
1. Verbal Communication
a. Through spoken words and
the use of speech and
language
to
convey
messages.
b. When it takes place in
person,
verbal
and
non-verbal
communication
go together.
c. Includes
language (oral,
written), sounds, and tone of
voice
2. Non-Verbal Communication
a. Body
language,
facial
expressions, eye contact,
appearance, sign language.
b. Complements
verbal
communication.
c. Includes body language and
facial expressions
3. Visual Communication
a. Through visual messages
like pictures, graphs, objects,
and other visual facets.
b. Involves signs, symbols,
pictures,
graphics,
and
emojis
➔ According to Context
1. Intrapersonal Communication
a. Involves one person and is
often called “self-talk”
b. As we use language to
reflect
on
our
own
experiences,
we
talk
ourselves through situations
(Donna Vocate’s book on
intrapersonal
communication)
c. Any
communication that
transpires
within
an
individual
i.
Occurs in our own
minds
d. Characterized by a lack of
feedback
from
another
individual and exists when a
person
interacts
and
responds to his or her
environment only, with no
communication or feedback
from another individual
e. Examples
are
thinking,
daydreaming, meditating, or
even “talking to oneself”
when engaging in an internal
conversation with no other
persons present
2. Interpersonal Communication
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a. Is the process by which
people exchange information
through verbal and nonverbal
messages.
b. It is an unmediated mode of
communication that occurs
when we interact and attempt
to mutually influence each
other,
simultaneously, in
order
to
manage
relationships.
c. Although
interpersonal
communication
can
encompass oral, written, and
non-verbal
forms
of
communication, the term is
usually applied to spoken
communication that takes
place between two or more
individuals on a personal or
face-to-face level.
3. Extended Communication
a.
4. Organizational Communication
a.
5. Intercultural Communication
a.
➔ According to Purpose and Style
1. Formal Communication
a.
2. Informal Communication
a.
Lesson 2: Communication Models
(Supplementary video 2)
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
Three models of communication:
★ Linear Model
★ Interactive Model
★ Transactional Model
➔ The Linear Model:
One-way communication process
The communication process can be
categorized into three— linear, interactive,
and transactional.
1. LINEAR MODEL
a. In
this
type
of
communication, the source
encodes a message and
send it to a receiver through
a channel— which can be
verbal, non-verbal, or visual.
The receiver then decodes
the message and that is the
end-point of the entire
process. The model that can
be seen in the screen is the
linear
model
of
communicaiton, and this both
shows and explains the
process
of
one-way
communication.
b. According to this model,
various things can affect this
one-way
communication
process such as (1) the type
of
channel
used
or
disruptions in communication
or the (2) noise.
c. One criticism of this model
though, is that it posits
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communication
as
a
turn-taking process when in
real-life, we know that
communication can occur
simultaneously
and
is
incredibly dynamic.
2. ARISTOTLE’S
MODEL
(ARISTOTELIAN MODEL)
a. The Aristotle or “Aristotelian”
model of communication is
one of the most accepted
and common model of
communication. It is also
considered as the first [linear]
model of communication.
b. This model was used to
establish propaganda and
was largely used for public
speaking because during that
period, public speaking and
rhetoric
was
extremely
popular. We can say that this
model emphasizes public
speaking
rather
than
interpersonal communication
and
that
it
is
a
speaker-oriented model.
i.
Aristotle believed that
the
speaker
was
incredibly
vital
in
communication
as
they are the one’s
responsible for all
communication.
In
this
mode,
the
audience or receivers
take a passive role.
c. In this paradigm, the sender
communicates with the
recipients in an effort to
sway their opinions and
prompt a given response
or action.
3. LASWELL’S
COMMUNICATION
MODEL
a. Due to the rise of the
television in 1948, Harold D.
Laswell
established
this
communication model, which
is regarded as incredibly
influential
in
communication.
b. It was developed to study the
media
propaganda
of
countries and businesses—
or just mass communication
in general— at that time.
c. This model describes who is
saying something, which
channel is being used to
communicate,
who
the
receivers are or who the
message is being aimed at,
and what effect the message
has.
i.
To
this
day,
communication
sciences and public
relations still often
use this model, which
makes this a classic
sender-receiver
model.
d. This
model
analyzes
communication in terms of
five basic questions: Who,
Says
What,
In
Which
Channel, To Whom, and With
What Effect. These questions
are the most salient parts of
the
process
of
communication.
e. This model is about the
process of communication
and its function to society.
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Lasswell’s model suggests
the message flow in a
multicultural society with
multiple audiences. The flow
of messages is through
various channels. And also
this communication model is
similar
to
Aristotle’s
communication model.
COMPONENTS OF THE LASWELL
COMMUNICATION MODEL
1. WHO - Control Analysis
2. Says what - Content Analysis
3. In which channel - Media
Analysis
4. To
whom
Audience
Analysis
5. With what effect - Effect
analysis
f.
Control analysis helps the
sender to have all the power.
g. Content
analysis
is
associated with stereotyping
and
representation
of
different groups politically. It
is also related to the purpose
or the ulterior motives of the
message.
h. Media analysis represents
which medium should be
used to exercise maximum
power against the receivers.
i. Audience analysis shows
who are the target population
to
be
manipulated
or
brain-washed.
j. Effect analysis is done
before the process starts. It
is used to predict the effect of
a message over the target
population to be exploited.
4. BERLO’S
MODEL
OF
COMMUNICATION
a. In 1960, David Kenneth Berlo
expanded
the
Shannon-Weaever model of
communication; he calls this
development the “SMRC”
model.
b. Looking back on the Aristotle
model of communication, the
speaker is in a central
position and is suggested as
the
driving
force
in
communication;
Berlo’s
model however, takes into
consideration the emotional
aspect of the message—
operating on the SMCR
model.
c. In
this
model
of
communication, the elements
of
communication—
the
SMCR— contain several
factors that affect the flow
and
success
of
the
communication.
Berlo’s model includes a number of
factors under each of the elements.
1. Source — the source is
situated where the message
originates.
2. Message
3. Channel — refers to the five
sense
organs:
hearing,
seeing, touching, smelling,
and tasting
4. Receiver — the receiver
needs to think about all the
contents and elements of the
source,
so
as
to
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communicate/respond
sender effectively.
to
5. INTERACTIVE MODEL
a. Interactive or Convergence
model of Communication is
the second category of
communication. It upgrades
the linear model by making
possible
the
message
exchange from the speaker
to the receiver and vice
versa. It now allows for a
feedback element because
after a message is encoded
and sent to the decoding
receiver, the roles then
reverse and the receiver
encodes
and sends a
response to the original
sender who has now turned
receiver.
6. SCHRAMM'S
INTERACTIVE
MODEL
a. In
this
model
of
communication, a message
can have meanings when
permitted
by individuals’
experience to understand the
message. This means that
for a message to be
understood similarly by both
sender and speaker, there
should be a common field—
field of experience or a frame
of experience— whereby
they
share
the
same
experience.
b. According
to
Schramm,
knowledge,
culture,
and
experience
affect
the
communication process and
that messages can be
rejected
or
accepted
depending on how these
factors can be paralleled
from both the sender and the
receiver.
7. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
a. The
transactional model
highlights
two-way
communication with direct
feedback and are the most
dynamic
communication
models.
b. The
transactional
communication models are
models where the feedback
plays an important role & the
sender/receiver
can
exchange their roles. It's
generally used for direct
personal communication in
which two-way feedback is
immediate.
c. In this model, the sender and
receiver can play the same
roles simultaneously as what
happens many times in the
real world. Messages are
sent
back
and
forth
simultaneously.
d. Transactional models show
that we do not just exchange
information
during
our
interactions,
but
create
relationships,
form
cross-cultural bonds, and
shape our opinions. In other
words,
communication
helps us establish our
realities. These models also
introduced the roles of social,
relational,
and
cultural
context. Moreover, these
models acknowledge that
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there are barriers to effective
communication — noise.
e. Dynamic model
f. Has feedback, which is a
central feature of the model.
AMERICAN VS. BRITISH ENGLISH
WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS
★ These are useful ways to ensure
good and effective communication
★ These principles direct the design of
the message, its styles, and its
significance in order to make it more
effective to the target audience.
★ The 7 C’s have two more variations
that are often overlooked namely:
creativity and credibility.
Lesson
3:
Communication
Principles (Supplementary video
3)
🤔
THINK ABOUT IT
:
Every day, we are always communicating
verbally, non-verbally, electronically, or in
writing. Unfortunately because of some
barriers, the message does not always
come across as intended.
The Principles of Communication:
The principles of communication that we
need to follow in order to become an
effective
communicator.
These
are
applicable to written, electronic, and verbal
communication:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Completeness
Concreteness
Courtesy
Correctness
Clarity
Consideration
Conciseness
ENGL 5 XA - PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
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8. Creativity
9. Credibility
➔ CONCRETENESS:
★ The
communication
must
be
particular and convey a clear
message rather than it being
ambiguous in general
★ Concreteness
confidence
strengthens
Concrete communication has the following
features:
➔ COMPLETENESS :
★ The
communication
must
be
complete and should convey all facts
required by the audience.
★ The sender of the message must
take into consideration the receiver's
mindset and convey the message
accordingly .
★ The “WH” questions must be
answered to provide complete
information.
Complete communication has the following
features:
➔ COURTESY:
★ The communication should show the
sender's expression as well as
respect to the receiver.
★ the center of the message should be
sincerely polite, judicious, reflective
and enthusiastic.
Courteous communication has the following
features:
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➔ CORRECTNESS:
➔ CONSIDERATION:
★ The communication must have no
grammatical errors, inappropriate
verb tense, misplaced modifiers,
errors in subject-verb agreement,
mixing up similar words, etc. in order
to avoid misunderstanding the
message.
Correct communication has the following
features:
★ This
communication
involves
stepping into the issues of others
and putting yourself in the situation
of the audience.
★ Effective communication must take
the
audience's
viewpoints,
background, mindset, educational
level, etc., into consideration.
★ Make an attempt to envisage or
visualize
your
audience,
the
requirements, their emotions as well
as problems.
★ Ensure that the self-respect of the
audience is maintained and their
emotions are not at harm.
➔ CLARITY:
The communication emphasizes on a
specific message or goal at a time rather
than trying to achieve too much at once.
Clarity in communication has the following
features:
★ Modify your words to suit the
audience's needs while making your
message complete.
Consideration in communication has the
following features:
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➔ CONCISENESS:
★ This communication means keeping
the message brief or short.
the message in order not to harm the
receiver's feelings.
Creative communication has the following
features:
★ Communicating what you want to
say with the least possible words
and without the use of unnecessary
expressions.
★ Conciseness is a necessity for
effective communication
Concise communication has the following
features:
➔ CREDIBILITY :
By creating an atmosphere of trust in a
conversation, you add credibility to the
message.
This can be achieved by a clear and striking
tone which indicates that the information
you are discussing contains the right details.
➔ CREATIVITY:
★ A text will only be lively when the
words and sentences structures are
used creatively
★ Creativity is about using one's
imagination to come up with original
ideas.
★ It is about thinking out of the box
EXAMPLE
📝:
There are some communication situations
where you need to be creative in telling
Credible communication has the following
features:
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REMEMBER
💡
➔ Communication is inevitable :
:
Putting these principles or rules into
practice will make you a good and
effective communicator.
QUOTATION BY BRIAN TRACY
🧑:
“Communication is a skill that you can
learn. It's like riding a bicycle or typing. If
you're willing to work at it, you can rapidly
improve the quality of every part of your
life.”
Lesson
4:
Communication
Communication
video 4)
Principles
of
and
Ethical
(Supplementary
❓
WHY STUDY ABOUT PRINCIPLES AND
ETHICS :
The different Principles and Ethics of
communication serves as a guide to
continuous
improvement
of
your
communication skills.
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION:
★ Communication happens even if we
want it to or not. It takes place
whether it is verbal, non-verbal, or
both.
★ For example, if you turn away from
me to avoid direct communication,
you are still sending a message. You
may be communicating avoidance,
disapproval, or you might simply be
ignoring me – but you are sending a
message!
➔ Communication is goal-oriented
★ When communicating, you must
have a goal in mind. You do not just
say or write for no reason at all.
★ It can either be to persuade, to
entertain, to inform, or to express
one's feelings, ideas or emotions.
★ It can also be to build and maintain
relationships or to influence others.
➔ Communication is transactional :
★ We communicate to develop a
sense of self and to understand
others, as well.
★ It is a two-way process which
involves an exchange.
➔ Communication
levels
★ Hence, when a message is sent to
you, you must reply or reciprocate it.
★ Give and take nature
has
various
There are various levels of communication,
we have:
★ Interpersonal - involves two persons
who interact with each other usually
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based on common communication
goals.
★ Intrapersonal - refers to the
communication that occurs when
you do self-talk.
★ Small group - refers to interactions
among three or more people who
are connected through a common
purpose, mutual influence, and a
shared identity.
★ Public or Mass - involves more than
20 people. In the case of a public
official, it can be delivering a speech
to an audience.
➔ Communication is complex:
★ Communication
is a complex
process that takes different forms or
disguises (i.e., oral, written, kinetic),
and it is well embedded in
everything we do as individuals or as
part of a social structure.
★ Communication is so complex that it
entails a lot of processes so it can
occur
simultaneously
or
successively.
★ The focus is not just on the message
but also on the kind of relationship
the communicators have including
their personal, religious, cultural,
educational and socio-economic
backgrounds.
➔ Communication can be learned
★ Despite
the
complexity
of
Communication, it is a skill which
can be learned.
★ You
can
improve
your
communication skills gradually.
➔ Communication is relational
★ Relationship of both communicators
in personal relationships such as
romantic
relationships,
family
relationships, and friendships.
★ It is crucial to maintaining social
bonds
and
interpersonal
relationships.
➔ Communication
culture
is
guided
by
★ Culture may be defined as a system
of knowledge shared by a relatively
large group of people. It includes
shared beliefs, values, symbols, and
behaviors.
★ Messages
are
created
and
processed in order to foster
understanding and are greatly
influenced
by
the
cultural
background of the communicators.
★ When one communicates with
others whose cultural background is
different from his or her own, they
must be sensitive with their words
and actions.
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ETHICAL COMMUNICATION:
Ethics deals with one's judgment and is a
set of moral principles guiding the society
to maintain social order.
An ethical communicator is:
➔ Ethical communicators are honest
★ You have to be truthful in
communicating your thoughts, ideas,
or feelings.
★ Good communicators never lie and
deceive others.
★ When we say respect, it means
showing regard or consideration for
others and their ideas even if you do
not agree with them.
★ You have to respect others by
listening to their points of view and
genuinely trying to understand them.
You may still disagree with other
people without sounding rude or
offensive.
★ If you can do this, it is an indication
that you demonstrate respect amidst
differences.
★ Thoughts, ideas, and feelings should
be expressed with the best intention.
➔ Ethical communicators are well
aware
★ Ethical communicators know the
consequences of their thoughts and
actions.
★ The way you communicate can build
or ruin your reputation, thus, you
need to take accountability for what
you are doing and what you are
saying.
★ You need to be very cautious with
your choice of words and be
responsible.
➔ Ethical
communicators
value
diversity and respect others
opinion
➔ Ethical communicators are just
and fair
Communicators
objective
must be impartial and
They do not hastily make decisions based
on hearsays, gossip, and personal biases.
To conclude, an ethical communicator
exerts every effort to gather relevant facts
or pertinent information related to a
situation before making a decision.